The advent of horse-based transportation represented one of the seminal moments for humankind, connecting ancient peoples by enabling them to move quickly over long distances for the first time, while also transforming how wars were waged.
Yet the timing of equine domestication and the subsequent broad use of horse power has been a matter of contention.
An analysis of genome data from 475 ancient horses and 77 modern ones is providing clarity. It found that domestication actually occurred twice — the first time being a dead end — and traced the rise of horse-based mobility to about 2200 BC in Eurasia, centuries later than previously thought.
Photo: AP
“Animal domestication, in general, changed human history, but no other animal was a king-maker as the horse was,” said Pablo Librado, a principal investigator at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE) in Barcelona, lead author of the study published this week in the journal Nature.
“Think of Genghis Khan, with an empire stretching from the Sea of Japan to the doors of Europe. The world as we know it today has been shaped by horses. Think in agriculture, how important horses were as working animals. Think in New York or Washington 200 years ago, with carriages pulled by horses in the streets,” Librado said.
The genomic evidence showed that horses were first domesticated in Central Asia — northern Kazakhstan to be precise — about 5,500 years ago by people from what is called the Botai culture.
However, this domestication was based on obtaining meat and milk, not movement, and did not spread. The feral Przewalski’s horses of Mongolia descended from those Botai horses.
The domestication of a second equine bloodline began about 4,700 years ago in the western Russian steppes, trotting along for a period of centuries before horse-based mobility suddenly galloped across Eurasia about 4,200 years ago, the study showed.
All modern domestic horses have their origins in this event.
The genomic evidence revealed a shift in breeding practices at that time to satisfy the demand for horses. People doubled horse production capacity by halving the time between generations from eight years to four, said study coauthor Ludovic Orlando, a molecular archeologist at the Center for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse in France.
“We detect close-kin mating only from that time, and not in the deeper past. This is a practice that wild or domestic horses tend to avoid unless breeders force them to mate with their relatives, to maintain and select for certain valued traits such as increased docility,” Librado said.
“Once horses were spread across Eurasia, and the pressure to further expand them in space and numbers diminished, the horse generation time returned to normal values. The generation times were only reduced again in the last 200 years following industrial breeding — the emergence of new horse breed types tailored to specific tasks,” Librado added.
“We believe that a key element in the early dispersion of horses was the invention of spoke-wheeled chariots, which in contrast to heavier wagons could be pulled by horses and not by cattle for the first time in human history,” Librado said.
There were massive human migrations in Eurasia at around 3000 BC that spread Indo-European languages. Horse-based mobility previously was believed to have played a central role.
“It was thought that human steppe migrations about 5,000 years ago took place on horseback. Our work shows that at that time the horse did not move across the steppe. Hence, while people moved, horses did not,” Orlando said.
Seven people sustained mostly minor injuries in an airplane fire in South Korea, authorities said yesterday, with local media suggesting the blaze might have been caused by a portable battery stored in the overhead bin. The Air Busan plane, an Airbus A321, was set to fly to Hong Kong from Gimhae International Airport in southeastern Busan, but caught fire in the rear section on Tuesday night, the South Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport said. A total of 169 passengers and seven flight attendants and staff were evacuated down inflatable slides, it said. Authorities initially reported three injuries, but revised the number
A colossal explosion in the sky, unleashing energy hundreds of times greater than the Hiroshima bomb. A blinding flash nearly as bright as the sun. Shockwaves powerful enough to flatten everything for miles. It might sound apocalyptic, but a newly detected asteroid nearly the size of a football field now has a greater than 1 percent chance of colliding with Earth in about eight years. Such an impact has the potential for city-level devastation, depending on where it strikes. Scientists are not panicking yet, but they are watching closely. “At this point, it’s: ‘Let’s pay a lot of attention, let’s
UNDAUNTED: Panama would not renew an agreement to participate in Beijing’s Belt and Road project, its president said, proposing technical-level talks with the US US Secretary of State Marco Rubio on Sunday threatened action against Panama without immediate changes to reduce Chinese influence on the canal, but the country’s leader insisted he was not afraid of a US invasion and offered talks. On his first trip overseas as the top US diplomat, Rubio took a guided tour of the canal, accompanied by its Panamanian administrator as a South Korean-affiliated oil tanker and Marshall Islands-flagged cargo ship passed through the vital link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, Rubio was said to have had a firmer message in private, telling Panama that US President Donald Trump
CHEER ON: Students were greeted by citizens who honked their car horns or offered them food and drinks, while taxi drivers said they would give marchers a lift home Hundreds of students protesting graft they blame for 15 deaths in a building collapse on Friday marched through Serbia to the northern city of Novi Sad, where they plan to block three Danube River bridges this weekend. They received a hero’s welcome from fellow students and thousands of local residents in Novi Said after arriving on foot in their two-day, 80km journey from Belgrade. A small red carpet was placed on one of the bridges across the Danube that the students crossed as they entered the city. The bridge blockade planned for yesterday is to mark three months since a huge concrete construction
RSS