After centuries of persecution, Sweden’s indigenous Sami people are beginning to provide testimony about the injustices they experienced in a recently launched Truth Commission probing the country’s past policies.
Experts have since February been gathering the often-painful accounts from Samis, formerly known by the pejorative term Laplanders or Lapps.
There are an estimated 100,000 Sami people across the arctic wilderness of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia’s Kola Peninsula.
Photo: AFP
They have lived by hunting, fishing and herding reindeer, and been subjected to colonization for centuries.
Like all children of Sami reindeer herders since 1913, Nils-Henrik Sikku, a Sami writer now aged 72, was taken away from his family at the age of seven and forcibly placed in a state-run boarding school.
At these “nomad schools,” founded as part of a policy aimed officially at preserving the Sami, the education was basic and, paradoxically, taught in Swedish rather than the Sami language.
The children were punished if they were heard speaking their mother tongue.
“If you did something wrong you were punished, you could be hit, you could be locked up, they could take your clothes and you would be sitting outside until the next morning,” Sikku said in an interview.
The severe conditions led him and a few friends to escape on a freezing winter night.
“We ran,” he said. “I don’t know how we managed to do it, but we were more afraid to go back than to continue.”
The last Sami boarding schools were closed in 1962, but this did not bring an end to the Sami’s long and painful history.
The persecution of the Sami, Europe’s only indigenous people, goes back to the 17th century, when the state began colonizing and exploiting their resource-rich lands.
They were forced to Christianize and abandon their shamanism, before assimilation efforts intensified in the 19th and 20th centuries as the far north’s economic importance grew.
The policies were motivated by the emergence of theories about a “pure Swedish race,” leading to the creation in 1922 of the world’s first state institute for racial biology in Uppsala.
Its director traveled regularly to Lapland to collect skulls, and measure and photograph Sami — often children and elderly people, forced to strip naked — in a bid to prove they were an “inferior race.”
Sikku believes that he, like his father before him, was subjected to the examinations.
“We don’t know what they did with us, but we stood naked in front of the so-called doctors,” he said.
The Sami were treated differently if they were reindeer herders, considered “authentic” Sami.
“Because the Sami were seen as an ‘inferior race,’ [the authorities] thought they were going to disappear, so they wanted to preserve the reindeer herders, to salvage them,” Sami researcher Kaisa Huuva said.
Children of reindeer herders were sent to the state boarding schools, while other Sami lost their land rights.
“A lot of these wrongdoings that were committed a long time ago are still reflected in the families, their living conditions or how they perceive their relations with Swedish society,” said Kerstin Calissendorff, head of the Truth Commission.
While Norway and Finland are scheduled to present the conclusions of their own truth commissions later this year, Sweden is due to publish its report in 2025.
It is expected to pave the way for a reconciliation process.
However, Sikku would not be participating.
“I have no confidence” in the process, he said. “They have stolen our land, forbidden our religion and stolen our childhoods.”
The past, as painful as it was, must not overshadow the problems the Sami still face, Huuva said.
Even today, “it’s all about the stealing of the land,” she added.
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