Amid the audience’s hushed whispers of eager anticipation, the first notes of the violin flow out across the concert hall, elegantly marking the beginning of a splendid music concert. As the violin strings vibrate under the bow, let us contemplate their journey to become what they are today.
Surprisingly, traditional violin strings are crafted mainly from sheep intestines. These gut strings undergo a rigorous process to ensure the complete removal of impurities. Following the sheep’s slaughter, the intestines have to be promptly harvested and thoroughly cleaned. The guts are then twisted into strings, dried and polished before being ready for their time on the violin.
Pure gut strings are unique in their warm, smooth and expressive tone. However, they have their shortcomings. They are prone to producing a lower volume, vulnerable to changes in conditions such as humidity, and lacking in durability. To overcome these challenges, string makers began winding metal wire around gut strings around 1660, especially around the G string. This string, being the lowest-pitched and thickest among the violin’s four strings of G, D, A and E, benefited significantly from better durability and sound clarity.
Photo: Freepik / 照片：Freepik提供
The necessity for alternative string materials became more pressing during World War II because of a shortage of animal guts. Consequently, metal, especially steel, became the norm. Synthetics, offering a mix of the warm tone of gut and stability of steel, gained popularity later in the century, with the Dominant series being a notable example. This string brand was launched by Austrian company Thomastik-Infeld in 1970.
That being said, both pure and wound gut strings continue to be used, providing violinists with a spectrum of options depending on different playing styles and requirements. Next time you hear the sweet strains of a violin, remember that behind every note lies a pursuit of excellence in both instrument production and artistic effects.
在觀眾熱切期待的低聲私語中，小提琴的第一個音符流淌於整間音樂廳，優雅地為一場精彩的音樂會揭開序幕。在小提琴弦振動於琴弓之下的同時，讓我們思考小提琴弦是如何一路發展變成今日的模樣。
令人驚訝的是，傳統的小提琴弦主要是由羊腸製成的。這些羊腸弦會經過嚴謹的處理過程，以確保完全去除雜質。在羊隻被宰殺後，就必須迅速收割羊腸並徹底清潔。然後再將羊腸扭成弦、風乾和打磨，才能準備好應用在小提琴上。
純的羊腸弦在音色方面溫暖、圓滑和富有表現力而獨一無二。然而，它們也有缺點。純的羊腸弦產生的音量往往較低，容易受濕度等條件變化的影響，且缺乏耐久性。為了克服這些挑戰，製作琴弦的人於西元1660年左右便開始在羊腸弦周圍包纏金屬絲，特別是在G弦上。由於這根弦在小提琴四根弦（G、D、A 和E）中是音調最低且口徑最粗的一根，因而從更好的耐久性和音質清晰度當中大大地受惠。
在二戰期間，由於動物腸的短缺，對琴弦替代材料的需求變得更加迫切。因此，金屬便成為琴弦材料的常態，尤其是鋼。之後合成材料在這個世紀後期變得流行，合成材料提供了融合羊腸弦的溫暖音色和鋼材的穩定性的選擇，Dominant系列就是一個顯例。這個琴弦品牌是由奧地利公司托馬斯提克-因費爾德於西元1970年推出的。
話雖如此，純的羊腸弦和金屬包纏的羊腸弦仍繼續受到使用，為小提琴家提供了一系列選擇，取決於不同的演奏風格和要求。下次當你聽到小提琴的甜美樂音時，請記住，每個音符背後都蘊藏著一種對樂器製作上和藝術效果上的卓越的追求。
MORE INFORMATION
intestine n. 腸
rigorous adj. 嚴謹的；嚴格的
impurity n. 雜質
durability n. 耐用性
pressing adj. 緊迫的；迫切的
strains n. 樂音
KEY VOCABULARY
1. vibrate v. （使）振動；（使）震動；（使）顫動
If you don’t want your smartphone to vibrate when there is an incoming call, change the setting.
如果您不希望智慧型手機在有來電時振動，請更改設定。
2. removal n. 移除；去除
A professional cleaning service can handle the removal of dust from every surface in your home.
專業的清潔服務可以去除家中每個表面的灰塵。
3. slaughter n. 屠宰；殺戮
Pigs on this farm are raised for slaughter to meet market demand for pork products.
這座農場所飼養的豬隻是用於屠宰的，以滿足市場對豬肉產品的需求。
4. gut n. 羊腸線
For today’s performance, Tommy chose gut strings for his violin to achieve a warmer sound.
針對今日的演奏，湯米為他的小提琴選擇了羊腸弦，以獲得更溫暖的聲音。
5. shortcoming n. 缺點；短處
Providing extra support helps students make up for shortcomings in specific subjects.
提供額外支援可以幫助學生彌補特定學科的短處。
6. norm n. 常態；規範；標準
Offering a handshake as a greeting is a norm in many business and social situations.
在許多商務和社交情境中，握手作為問候是一種常態。
7. synthetic n. 合成物；合成材料
Sportswear for athletes is often made of synthetics for better comfort and performance.
運動員的運動服通常由合成材料製成，以提高舒適度和性能。
8. violinist n. 小提琴家
The orchestra invited a talented violinist to perform a beautiful solo at the concert.
管弦樂團邀請了一位才華橫溢的小提琴家在音樂會上演奏了一段優美的獨奏。
9. spectrum n. 範圍；幅度；光譜
The workshop covered a broad spectrum of topics related to professional development. 這場工作坊涵蓋了與專業發展相關、範圍很廣的主題。
學習音檔: https://magazine.english4u.net/Magdata/menu/5o4pk
《空中美語》雜誌APP免費下載: https://www.english4u.net/apps/index.aspx
免費收聽當月《空中美語》雜誌課文朗讀及解析 !
文章由AMC空中美語授權使用: https://www.english4u.net
A: Who are nominated for Best Leading Actor at the Golden Horse Awards? B: The nominees are: Jason King, Chang Chen, Neo Yau, Wanlop Rungkumjad and Zhang Zhiyong. A: How about Best Leading Actress? B: The nominees are: Patra Au, Kimi Hsia, Chung Suet-ying, Sylvia Chang and Sandra Ng. A: What are your predictions for the winners this year? A: 本屆金馬獎入圍最佳男主角的有誰啊？ B: 入圍的有：喜翔、張震、游學修、Wanlop Rungkumjad、張志勇。 A: 入圍最佳女主角的呢？ B: 入圍的有：區嘉雯、夏于喬、鍾雪瑩、張艾嘉、吳君如。 A: 今年你預測誰會得獎？ （By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times／台北時報張聖恩）
It’s likely that you may know someone who has had their appendix removed, or at least you’ve heard of the operation. An appendectomy is typically performed when the appendix, a small pouch next to the intestines, becomes inflamed or infected, leading to severe pain and potential complications if left untreated. Fortunately, the procedure is very safe today, and patients can go on to live normal lives without their appendix. Yet, it still begs the question of how humans can continue living without an organ. The human body is full of various parts that scientists still don’t completely understand, and
Wisdom teeth are another example of vestigial organs. Why do humans have wisdom teeth? One theory suggests that they were originally intended to help support muscles and tissues in the human face. Another theory indicates that they were initially meant to aid our ancestors in chewing certain tough foods that grew in the wild. As our diets have softened with processed foods, these teeth may become less necessary. Removing one’s wisdom teeth can feel like a rite of passage for many young adults. At some point in their late teens to early twenties, most people will have up to
A: And which films are nominated for the Golden Horse Awards’ Best Narrative Feature? B: The nominees are: “All Shall Be Well,” ”Stranger Eyes,” “Dead Talents Society,” “An Unfinished Film” and “Bel Ami.” A: I heard that “Bel Ami” is a great gay-themed comedy from China. B: Yeah, and as many as 276 Chinese movies registered for the competition this year. A: The two sides of the Taiwan Strait have finally resumed exchanges in cinematography. A: 本屆金馬獎入圍最佳劇情片的有哪些？ B: 入圍的有：《從今以後》、《默視錄》、《鬼才之道》、《一部未完成的電影》、《漂亮朋友》。 A: 聽說《漂亮朋友》是一部精彩的中國同志喜劇片。 B: 今年光是中國就有多達276部電影參賽。 A: 海峽兩岸終於恢復電影交流啦！ （By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times／台北時報張聖恩）
RSS