美國名校在大學畢業典禮時,經常邀請政治圈、商業或演藝界的名人,為即將進入社會的新鮮人提供寶貴的人生經驗。有趣的是,近年來許多名人不再用傳統正面、充滿希望的那種芭樂(cheesy)的方式給新鮮人精神喊話,而是不避諱地強調社會黑暗面,給學生一個震撼的wake-up call,刺激並點醒學生面對現實。
今天筆者精選了幾位名人的經典致詞,即使是出社會多年的老鳥們,看了也會有所頓悟、非常受用,還能學到相關的多益(www.toeic.com.tw)詞彙!
首先,紐約時報專欄作家大衛.布魯克斯(David Brooks)在頂尖名校達特茅斯學院(Dartmouth College)提到這段逆耳卻很中肯的建言:
Photo courtesy of Maura Barbulescu from Pixabay I圖片來源:Maura Barbulescu, Pixabay
“You have to give to receive. You have to surrender to something outside yourself to gain strength within yourself. You have to conquer your desire to get what you crave. Success leads to the greatest failure, which is arrogance and pride. Failure can lead to the greatest success, which is humility and learning. In order to fulfill yourself, you have to forget yourself. In order to find yourself, you have to lose yourself.”
「你必須先付出再求回報,你必須先臣服於外在的殘酷,才能增強內在的強度,你必須先克服慾望,才能達成渴望。成功導致最大的失敗,便是自大與驕傲,失敗反能引領你邁向成功,正是謙卑與學習。欲實踐自我,你必須先忘卻自我,欲找回自我,你必須先失去自我。」
在這個強調自我主義的時代,人們能方便快速地滿足自我需求,卻忘了成功的前提是須歷經一番寒徹骨的等價交換原則!除了這道理之外,英文方面剛好用到了兩個多益必考的高頻動詞:
lead to 導致
lead to為動詞片語,表示導致某事發生。很多人會以為lead to等於contribute to,但contribute to後面通常都是接較負面的結果,而lead to比contribute to廣泛,能接正反兩面的結果。比如說,「A sudden pouring rain contributed to the traffic jam.」這「traffic jam」當然就不是件好事囉!而lead to可以接負面的結果之外(如上述用法Success leads to failure),同時也能接正面的結果Failure can lead to success,來看看以下的多益例句吧:
Research shows that comfortable office environment leads to happier employees.
(研究顯示,良好的辦公環境造就較快樂的員工。)
fulfill 實踐;達成
fulfill一字為將虛幻或抽象的事情實踐、使它成真,比如fulfill your dreams(夢想)、fulfill your ambition(野心)、fulfill your duties(職責)等。而fulfill oneself在這裡,不是說使自己成真,而是「找到自己的潛能並發揮」的意思。fulfill這個動詞在多益中經常出現,讓我們看以下例句:
New passes will be approved only for contracted drivers fulfilling the requirements listed.
(新通行卡只核發給達成下列要求的約聘駕駛。)
接著,以音樂劇《漢米爾頓》(Hamilton)勇奪2016葛萊美最佳音樂劇專輯獎、普立茲最佳戲劇獎、並被時代雜誌評選為今年度全球百大最有影響力人物的名詞曲創作家暨演員林—曼努爾.米蘭達(Lin Manuel Miranda),在賓州大學給畢業生們以下的告誡:
“There will be blind alleys and one-night wonders and soul-crushing jobs and wake-up calls and crises of confidence and moments of transcendence when you are walking down the street and someone will thank you for telling your story because it resonated with their own.”
「走在人生道路上,你可能遇到暗巷、一夜奇蹟、毀滅靈魂的工作、警訊、信任危機和片段的卓越感,而總有人會對你願意分享自己的故事覺得感激,因你的經歷能對他們產生共鳴。」
人生中會遇到許多無法預估的事情,但我們就是得努力克服,並且不吝於與他人分享,因為我們自己也是用前人的經歷作前車之鑑;並不是只有自己遇到這樣的挫折,許多人都已經歷過同樣的挫敗,聆聽這樣的故事幫助我們度過難關,我們也同樣能這麼助人。在這段話中也有個很常見的多益單字:
crisis 危機
crisis在多益中的財經情境考題常出現,最常見的字詞搭配為「financial crisis」財務危機,以及「economic crisis」金融危機。在以上畢業致詞中所提到的crises(為crisis的複數)of confidence,就是指在遇到挫折可能對自己忽然喪失信心而失志的危機時刻,也能稱為confidence crisis:
A confidence crisis takes away your ability to trust your own thoughts and feelings, and it makes room for the belief that you’re simply not good enough to deal with life.
(自信危機奪走你對自己想法或感受的信任感,並讓你有自己無能處理人生困境的想法。)
我們也來看在多益財經情境下會使用的方式:
One of the biggest corporations in the nation is now facing a financial crisis.
(國內其中一間最大的公司正面臨著財務危機。)
最後一位是Facebook營運長雪莉.桑德伯格(Sheryl Sandberg)在柏克萊大學分享自己在走過喪夫之痛後,體會到人生所經歷的痛苦不會永遠持續下去,也不能悲觀地讓自己活在自怨自哀的焦慮或悲苦中。堅強面對自己的感受,並發覺人生中還有許多能讓人感到快樂、充滿希望的事,才是度過難關的正確方式。她的致詞中最充滿力量的一句如下:
“ It is the hard days — the times that challenge you to your very core — that will determine who you are.” 「就是那段最艱苦的日子、挑戰你到極限的那段時光,造就了今天的你。」
也正呼應了David Brooks提到的Failure can lead to success,並不是所有負面的事情僅會造成負面的結果,我們必須勇敢克服困境,便能從中獲取正面的解決之道。這句中的動詞determine也是多益常見字,為「決定;造成」之意。而「決定」通常大家最容易想到的是decide這個單字,然而這兩者之間有不同的含意。
determine vs. decide
determine的決定,是因為某因素導致、決定了一個結果;decide的意思則是從兩個或多個選項中決定的結果,並無determine因一件事情引起而導致某種結果的因果關係,因此在用法上有些不同。讓我們從例句來比較determine和decide的用法:
Dieting habit determines your health and weight.(飲食習慣決定你的健康和體重。)
在這裡就不能用decide,因為是dieting habit(飲食習慣)導致、決定了你的健康與體重,有所謂的因果關係,因此必須用determine。但如果是「我決定要減肥!」的話,則兩者皆可使用,因為都是從多項你想做的事中擇一的決定,並非因果關係。例句:
I decided to lose weight.
I’m determined to lose weight.
determine也是多益常考單字喔!它在多益考題中會出現的形式:
The skill of the union bargainers will determine whether the automobile plant will reopen next week. (工會談判者的技巧能決定汽車工廠是否能在下周重新復工。)
在看完今天勵志的經典致詞後,也別忘了測試一下多益單字的理解程度吧!
【多益模擬試題】
1. _____ to pay this bill by the due date may lead to a penalty or to the disconnection of your cable service.
(A) Failed
(B) To fail
(C) Failing
(D) Failure
2. _____ these duties, applicants should be familiar with the information of the local area, as well as one-year experience in the hospitality field.
(A) Fulfill
(B) Fulfilling
(C) To fulfill
(D) To be fulfilled
3. After the collapse of the economy, some companies tried to hide the extent of their losses, resulting _____ the current financial crisis.
(A) to (B) in (C) for (D) from
【解析】
1. 正解(D)。空格中必須為此句的主詞,須為名詞型態,因此答案為(D)。
選項(A)為過去式、(B) to+原型動詞、(C)動名詞、(D)名詞。
題意:沒有成功在截止日前付款便可能導致罰款或第四台服務的斷線。
2. 正解(C)。此句為主動式,且to fulfill的to才有「為了」in order to的意思,因此答案為(C)。
選項(A)是原型動詞、(B) 動名詞、(C)to +原型動詞、(D)被動式。
題意:為了達成這些職責,申請人須對當地資訊很熟悉,並有在餐飲業服務一年的經驗。
3. 正解(B)。result in為「導致」之意,result from則是「起因於」;由於沒有result for或result to的用法,因此答案為(B)。
題意:在經濟崩盤後,有些公司想盡辦法隱藏他們的虧損,導致現今的金融危機。
文章由TOEIC Program Taiwan · Chun Shin提供:
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