On Sept. 14, 2022, Mahsa Amini was arrested by Iran’s “morality police” for wearing her head covering, known as “hijab,” incorrectly. While in custody, Amini was viciously beaten by the police. She was brought to a hospital and remained in a coma until her death on Sept. 16.
“Gašt-e eršad” which literally translates to “guidance patrol,” but is more commonly known as the “morality police,” is a specialized task force within the Iranian police, whose aim is to enforce the laws of Islamic dress codes. For women, this means they must wear a hijab and loose-fitting clothing. Many Muslim women across the globe opt to cover their hair and dress modestly as a sign of respect for their faith. However, the Iranian government has utilized the hijab as a tool of oppression against women. The Islamic Revolution, in which the royal dynasty was overthrown and replaced by an Islamic government, took place in Iran in 1979. Since then, dress codes have become progressively stricter and hijabs have become mandatory for all women, including non-Muslims. Those who speak out against the mandate face severe retaliation from the morality police.
There have been many rebellions against this discrimination, but Amini’s death has sparked an unprecedented reaction. Civil unrest has spread throughout the country at an alarming rate. Online footage shows women burning their hijabs and publicly cutting their hair in defiance of the modesty laws. The police and government are reacting to the protests with brutal violence. An estimated 300 people have been killed, and upward of 1,000 have been arrested by Iranian authorities over the course of the protests. Despite the risks, the Iranian women continue to demand that their voices be heard and that the government repeal the strict laws that led to Amini’s death.
PHOTO COURTESY OF WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / 照片:維基共享資源提供
西元2022年9月14日,瑪莎艾米尼因以不正確的方式佩戴被稱作穆斯林婦女頭巾的頭飾,而被伊朗的「道德警察」逮捕。在拘留期間,艾米尼遭到警方的毒打。她被送往醫院,而且直到她於9月16日離世前都持續處於昏迷狀態。
「Gašt-e eršad」,字面上的意思是「指導巡邏隊」,但更常被稱為「道德警察」,是伊朗警備中的一支專業的特遣部隊,其目的是執行伊斯蘭的穿著規範。對於女性來說,這意味著她們必須佩戴頭巾與穿著寬鬆的衣服。全球許多穆斯林婦女選擇包住她們的頭髮還有以端莊的穿著表示對她們信仰的敬重。然而,伊朗政府卻將頭巾作為壓迫女性的工具。西元1979年伊朗爆發的伊斯蘭革命推翻了王朝,並由一個伊斯蘭政府取而代之。從那時起,穿著規範變得越來越嚴格,所有女性都必須佩戴頭巾,包含非穆斯林女性。公開反對這項法令的人都會面臨道德警察強烈的報復。
伊朗一直都有許多對於這項歧視法令的抗爭,但艾米尼的離世引起了前所未有的反響。內亂以驚人的速度蔓延至全國各地。網路上的影片片段出現婦女焚燒她們的頭巾,並公開剪髮以對抗穿著法令的畫面。警方和政府持續以殘酷的暴行鎮壓抗議活動。在抗爭過程中,估計有三百人喪生,並有超過一千人被伊朗當局逮捕。儘管存在風險,伊朗的婦女持續要求政府傾聽她們的聲音,並要求政府廢除導致艾米尼死亡的峻法。
MORE INFORMATION
hijab n.(穆斯林女性的)頭巾
coma n. 昏迷(狀態)
task force 特遣部隊;特勤小組
Islamic adj. 伊斯蘭教的;伊斯蘭國家的
oppression n. 壓迫;壓制
retaliation n. 報復;反擊
unrest n. 動亂;動盪
footage n. 一段影片;(事件的)片段
upward of 至少;超過
repeal vt. 廢除;撤銷(法令)
KEY VOCABULARY
1. uprising n. 起義;暴動
The people started an uprising because they were unhappy with the corrupt government.
由於人民不滿貪腐的政府,因此發起了暴動。
2. patrol n. 巡邏;巡查
The police officer was on patrol when he saw someone breaking into a house.
這位員警在巡邏時看到有人闖入一間房屋。
3. mandatory adj. 強制的;義務的 mandate n. 命令;授權
It’s mandatory that you wear a swimming cap if you use these public hot springs.
你如果要在這些大眾溫泉泡湯,就一定要戴上泳帽。
4. speak out in favor of/against 公開表態支持/反對
The country’s intellectuals were criticized for their failure to speak out against the brutal regime.
這個國家的知識份子因未能公開反對殘暴的政權而遭受批評。
5. rebellion n. 反抗;叛亂
A rebellion against the dictator received full support from the people.
反抗獨裁者的行動得到了人民的全力支持。
6. spark vt. 觸發;導致
Marianne’s careless remark sparked a huge argument between her and her husband.
瑪麗安不經意的言論引起她和她先生之間激烈的爭吵。
7. unprecedented adj. 史無前例的;絕無僅有的
The amount of snow this year is unprecedented! We’ve never had that much snow in this area before.
今年的下雪量前所未見!我們這個地區過去從未有過那麼多的雪。
8. defiance n. 違抗;對立 in defiance of 無視;公然違抗
The female students all wore pants in defiance of the unfair uniform rules. 這群女學生們
全穿上長褲,無視不公平的制服規定。
9. over the course of 在……期間;在……過程中
Hank studies English and over the course of the last year, he has improved a lot.
漢克在學英語,而在過去的一年裡,他進步了很多。
學習音檔: https://magazine.english4u.net/Magdata/menu/qrbi5
《空中美語》雜誌APP免費下載: https://www.english4u.net/apps/index.aspx
免費收聽當月《空中美語》雜誌課文朗讀及解析 !
文章由AMC空中美語授權使用: https://www.english4u.net
Instagram is changing the default privacy settings for many US teenagers, part of an effort to keep them safer and give parents more control over how their kids interact online. The new settings will make teen accounts private by default, limit who those users can send private messages to, and put teens in the “most restrictive” tier when it comes to viewing sensitive content. That means the app will block teens from seeing sensitive photos and videos, including posts that show people fighting or certain cosmetic procedures. These more restrictive settings will be turned on automatically for all Instagram users under 18
Located in the picturesque mountains of eastern Spain, the small town of Bunol might appear to be just another idyllic place in the Spanish countryside. However, it is home to one of the world’s most popular food fights. Each August, tens of thousands of people from all around the globe swarm into Bunol to take part in La Tomatina. On the last Wednesday of August, you will find the streets of Bunol full of people eagerly waiting to hear the blast of a cannon. This signifies the start of La Tomatina, an event where participants hurl thousands of pounds of tomatoes
Get ready to spin on your head -- “breaking” is set to make its Olympic debut at the Paris 2024 Games! Often referred to as breakdance or breakdancing, breaking was born in the streets of New York City during the early 1970s. It began as a way for African-American and Latin youths to express their narratives and struggles through astonishing spins and movements. B-boys and b-girls, also known as breakers, frequently compete in cyphers: events where they take turns showcasing their dance moves within a circle of spectators. Breaking comprises four main elements: toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. Toprock consists
在 COVID-19 成為全球大流行 (pandemic) 的傳染病後,如何有效篩檢確診病患,一度成為討論的熱點。 疫情爆發初期,國內有些縣市首長主張要普篩(全面篩檢),找出隱藏的新冠肺炎病例,不過,疫情指揮中心說明,全面用聚合?連鎖反應 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 檢驗來為全民普篩,將耗費近七百億元公帑和醫療資源,不符合效益。 根據衛福部長陳時中的說法,用準確度高的 PCR 方式對全國 2300 萬人普篩,平均一人 3000 元,總額將高達 690 億元。以當時的盛行率萬分之 18,即使不用人人普篩,以看似健康的人口1800 萬人計算,也需要花費 540 億元,才能找出當中的 3 萬 2577 人無症狀感染者,其中還有 1797 人屬於「偽陽性」,即使沒有得病,還是得將他們隔離、再檢測,才能恢復正常生活。 雖然也可以用價格較低(200 元/人)的快篩做篩檢,但此舉也需花費約 46 億元,且準確度偏低,偽陰和偽陽性機率更高。 (新冠肺炎)「普篩/全面篩檢」的英文是 widespread coronavirus testing 或 community-wide screening/testing。「快篩」是 rapid testing。篩檢中,可能出現「偽陰性」(false negative) 有患病,但篩不出來,和「偽陽性」(false positive)沒患病,卻篩檢出來。 在醫學檢測上「陰性」(negative) 代表沒有(病或病毒),「陽性」 (positive) 代表有(病或病毒),避免患病與否造成污名化,因此用比較中性 (neutral) 的詞彙來稱呼。至於驗孕 (pregnancy test),「陰性」代表未懷孕,「陽性」代表懷孕。 「盛行率」的英文是 prevalence rate,即患病率,在流行病學中指特定時間內總人口中罹患該病的人口所占比例。在新冠肺炎的篩檢中,「咽喉拭子」是目前國內主流採用的方式,「咽喉拭子」英文是 throat swab,就是以棉棒擦拭咽喉部位,取得上皮細胞,並置入病毒收集瓶。如果是採集鼻咽部位,就叫「鼻咽拭子」(nasal swab)。 另外,「靈敏度」(sensitivity) 與「特異度」(specificity) 也是醫學檢測時所使用的術語,用以衡量該檢測的準確度。特異度是不帶原者 (non-carrier) 中採檢陰性的比例,而靈敏度則是帶原者 (carrier) 中採檢陽性的比例,靈敏度、特異度越高,代表準確度越高。 文章由書林出版公司提供: www.bookman.com.tw 蘇正隆 — 台灣翻譯學學會前理事長、師大翻譯研究所兼任副教授; 編著《英語的對與錯》,《世紀病毒:必讀防疫英文知識與詞彙》...等