Tue, Mar 21, 2023 page14

• ‘Fosbury Flop’ high jumper Dick Fosbury dies at 76 背向式跳高發明人福斯貝利76歲辭世

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  Dick Fosbury, the lanky leaper who revamped the technical discipline of high jump and won an Olympic gold medal with his “Fosbury Flop,” died on Sunday last week. He was 76.

  Before Fosbury, many high jumpers cleared their heights by running parallel to the bar, then using a straddle kick to leap over before landing with their faces pointed downward. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, Fosbury took off at an angle, leaped backward, bent himself into a “J” shape to catapult his 6-foot-4 frame over the bar, then crashed headfirst into the landing pit.

  It was a convention-defying move, and with the world watching, Fosbury cleared 2.24 meters to win the gold and set an Olympic record. By the next Olympics, 28 of the 40 jumpers were using Fosbury’s technique. The Montreal Games in 1976 marked the last Olympics in which a high jumper won using a technique other than the Fosbury Flop.

  

  Dick Fosbury, of the United States, clears the bar in the high jump competition at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. Fosbury completely revamped the technical discipline of high jump and won an Olympic gold medal with his “Fosbury Flop.” 美國選手迪克．福斯貝利在1968年墨西哥奧運跳高比賽中過竿。福斯貝利徹底改變了跳高的技術訓練，並以他的「福斯貝利跳」贏得奧運金牌。

  Photo: AP 照片：美聯社

  Over time, Fosbury’s move became about more than simply high jumping. It is often used by business leaders and university professors as a study in innovation and willingness to take chances and break the mold.

  “It’s literally genius,” said 2012 Olympic high jump champion Erik Kynard Jr. “And it takes huge courage, obviously. And took huge courage at the time to even consider something so dangerous. Due to the equipment then, it was something that was a little on edge to attempt.”

  Fosbury started tinkering with a new technique in the early ‘60s, as a teenager at Medford High School in Oregon. Among his discoveries was a need to move his takeoff point farther back for higher jumps, so he could change the apex of the parabola shape of his jump to clear the bar. Most traditional jumpers of that day planted a foot and took off from the same spot regardless of the height they were attempting.

  

  Prior to Fosbury’s emergence, high jumpers typically attempted to clear the bar using the “straddle technique” in which they would take off face forward while attempting to twist their body mid-leap over the bar. 在福斯貝利出現之前，跳高選手通常以腹滾式技巧過竿，腹滾式跳高是面朝前方起跳，同時要在躍過竿子的過程中旋轉身體。

  Photo: Wikimedia Commons 照片：維基共享資源

  “I knew I had to change my body position, and that’s what started first the revolution, and over the next two years, the evolution,” Fosbury said in a 2014 interview with The Corvallis Gazette-Times. “During my junior year, I carried on with this new technique, and each meet I continued to evolve or change, but I was improving. My results were getting better.”

  The technique was the subject of scorn and ridicule in some corners. The term Fosbury Flop is credited to the Medford Mail-Tribune, which wrote the headline “Fosbury Flops Over the Bar” after one of his high school meets. The reporter wrote that Fosbury looked like a fish flopping in a boat.

  (AP)

  

  Early jumpers used a scissors technique. 剪（刀）式跳高為早期跳高選手所採用。

  Photo: Wikimedia Commons 照片：維基共享資源

  迪克．福斯貝利，這位瘦長的跳高運動員已於上週日去世，享壽76歲。他改造了跳高的技術訓練，並以其「福斯貝利跳」贏得奧運金牌。

  在福斯貝利之前，許多跳高運動員採用的過竿技巧是以平行角度跑向橫竿，然後跨腿跳過去，面朝下之後著墊。在1968年墨西哥城奧運中，福斯貝利以一個角度起跳，向後一躍，將身體彎曲成「J」字形，將他6呎4吋的身軀彈射過竿，然後頭朝下墜入跳高墊。

  這是個違反慣例的動作，在全世界的注視下，福斯貝利跳出了2.24公尺的成績，贏得金牌並創下奧運紀錄。到了下一屆奧運會，40名跳高選手中有28人採用了福斯貝利的技巧。1976年的蒙特婁奧運為跳高選手以福斯貝利跳以外之技巧獲勝的最後一屆奧運。

  

  Gold medal winner Dick Fosbury raises his arm on the victor’s podium of the Olympic stadium, Oct. 20, 1968, in Mexico City. At left is silver medalist Ed Caruthers of the US and at right is bronze medalistr Valentin Gavrilov of Russia. 1968年墨西哥奧運會男子跳高金牌得主迪克．福斯貝利，在奧運體育場頒獎台上高舉雙手。左側為銀牌得主美國隊艾德．卡拉瑟斯，右側為銅牌得主俄國隊瓦倫丁．加夫里洛夫。1968年10月20日攝於墨西哥城。

  Photo: AP 照片：美聯社

  漸漸地，福斯貝利的作為變得不僅僅只是跳高；它常被商業領袖和大學教授用作創新及願意冒險和打破常規的研究對象。

  「這簡直就是天才」，2012年奧運跳高冠軍小艾瑞克‧凱納德說。「這顯然需要很大的勇氣。光是想到要做這危險的事都是勇氣十足。鑒於當時的設備，嘗試這樣跳有點令人提心吊膽」。

  福斯貝利在60年代初開始琢磨一項新技巧，那時他還是青少年，在美國奧勒岡州梅德福唸高中。他其中一個發現是，若要跳更高，需要將起跳點向後移，這樣就可以改變他跳躍的拋物線頂點的位置來過竿。當時大多數傳統的跳高選手都會在同一個點踩地起跳，無論其試跳高度為何。

  

  For a Fosbury Flop, they take an 8- to 10-step approach, with the first three to five steps being in a straight line and the last five being on a curve. The “J” approach favored by Fosbury floppers allows for speed, the ability to turn in the air (centripetal force), and a good takeoff position, which helps turn horizontal momentum into vertical momentum. 「福斯貝利跳」採八至十步的助跑，前三到五步為直線，最後五步為弧線。福斯貝利跳之「J」字形助跑，具有加速、在空中轉身之能力（即向心力），以及良好的起跳位置，這有助於將水平動能轉為垂直動能。

  Photo: Wikimedia Commons 照片：維基共享資源

  福斯貝利在2014年接受科瓦利斯報訪問時說：「我知道我必須改變身體姿勢，這開啟了革命，以及之後兩年的演變」。「我在大三時繼續使用這新技巧，每次比賽我都繼續成長或改變，但我在進步。我的成績越來越好」。

  這項技術在某些地方成為輕蔑和嘲笑的對象。「福斯貝利跳」（Fosbury Flop，字面意為「福斯貝利撲騰」）一詞源自梅德福論壇郵報，該報在福斯貝利一次高中比賽後下了標題「Fosbury Flops Over the Bar」（福斯貝利撲騰過竿）。記者寫道，福斯貝利看起來就像船上一條撲騰的魚。

  （台北時報林俐凱編譯）
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