All the 2022 Nobel Prizes have now been announced. Here’s a look at which prizes have been announced, and what’s next for the winners.
MEDICINE
The medicine or physiology prize is by tradition the first Nobel to be announced. This year’s award went to Swedish scientist Svante Paabo for discoveries about human evolution achieved through analyses of the DNA of Neanderthals and other ancient relatives of modern humans.
Photo: AP照片：美聯社
PHYSICS
The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded Tuesday last week to Frenchman Alain Aspect, American John F. Clauser and Austrian Anton Zeilinger. The trio shared the prize for discovering the way that particles known as photons can be linked, or ``entangled’’ with each other, even when they are separated by large distances.
CHEMISTRY
Photo: AP照片：美聯社
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded on Wednesday last week to Americans Carolyn R. Bertozzi and K. Barry Sharpless and Danish scientist Morten Meldal for their work on click chemistry, a field of research that can be used to design better medicines. Sharpless is a repeat winner: He won the chemistry prize also in 2001.
LITERATURE
The Swedish Academy on Thursday last week gave the Nobel Prize in Literature to French writer Annie Ernaux for “the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory.” Ernaux, 82, has written more than 20 books, most of them very short, chronicling events in her life and the lives of those around her. Her work paints uncompromising portraits of sexual encounters, abortion, illness and the deaths of her parents.
PEACE
This year’s Nobel Peace Prize was shared Friday last week by jailed Belarus rights activist Ales Bialiatski, the Russian group Memorial and the Ukrainian organization Center for Civil Liberties. The Norwegian Nobel Committee said the laureates “have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy.” The prize was seen as a strong rebuke to the authoritarian rule of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
ECONOMICS
The final announcement came on Monday with the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, which is not an original Nobel Prize but was established by the Swedish central bank in 1968. Former US Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke, who put his academic expertise on the Great Depression to work reviving the American economy after the 2007-2008 financial crisis, won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences along with two other US-based economists, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, for their research into the fallout from bank failures.
WHAT DO THE WINNERS RECEIVE?
Nobel Prize laureates are invited to receive their awards at prize ceremonies held on Dec. 10, the anniversary of award founder Alfred Nobel’s death in 1896. The prize includes a diploma, a gold medal and a monetary award of 10 million Swedish kronor (about US$900,000). The Nobel Peace Prize is handed out in the Norwegian capital, Oslo, while the other awards are presented in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in line with Nobel’s wishes.
(AP)
二〇二二年諾貝爾獎所有獎項得主已經宣佈。以下是所公布的獎項，以及獲獎者的下一步。
醫學獎
按照傳統，醫學或生理學獎是第一個公布的諾貝爾獎。今年的獎項授予瑞典科學家斯萬特‧帕博，以表彰他透過分析尼安德塔人及其他現代人類遠古親屬之DNA，對人類進化所得到的發現。
物理學獎
諾貝爾物理學獎於週二授予法國籍的阿蘭‧阿斯佩、約翰‧克勞澤及奧地利籍的安東‧蔡林格。三人因研究發現看不見的粒子（稱為光子）可以相互連接或互相「糾纏」──即便相距很遠──而共同獲獎。
化學獎
諾貝爾化學獎於上週三聯合授予美國籍的凱洛琳‧柏托西、卡爾‧巴里‧沙普利斯，以及丹麥科學家莫滕‧莫代爾，以表彰他們在點擊化學方面的研究，點擊化學可用來設計更好的藥物。沙普利斯並非第一次得諾貝爾獎：他在二〇〇一年已獲得諾貝爾化學獎。
文學獎
瑞典學院上週四將諾貝爾文學獎授予法國作家安妮‧艾諾，以表彰她「以勇氣和手術般的精準，從個人記憶挖掘根源、隔閡與集體壓抑」。八十二歲的艾諾寫了超過二十本書，多數篇幅都很短，記錄她及周遭人生命中的事件。她的作品毫不妥協地描繪了性邂逅、墮胎、疾病，以及她父母的死亡。
和平獎
今年的諾貝爾和平獎得主於上週五公布，由被監禁的白俄羅斯維權人士阿列斯‧畢亞利亞茨基、俄國人權組織「紀念」，以及烏克蘭組織「公民自由中心」共同獲得。挪威諾貝爾委員會表示，獲獎者「在記錄戰爭罪、人權侵犯和權力濫用方面做出了重要的努力。它們共同彰顯了公民社會對和平及民主的重要性」。此獎被視為對俄國總統弗拉迪米爾‧普亭獨裁統治的強烈譴責。
經濟學獎
最後宣布的獎項，是週一公佈的諾貝爾經濟學獎，最初諾貝爾獎並未有此獎項，這是瑞典中央銀行在一九六八年設立的。前美國聯準會主席班‧伯南奇在二〇〇七~二〇〇八年金融危機後，將其在大蕭條方面的學術專長用於重振美國經濟，他與另外兩位美國經濟學家──道格拉斯‧戴蒙及菲利普‧戴柏維格，對銀行倒閉之後果的研究，共同獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎。
諾貝爾獎得主會獲得什麼？
諾貝爾獎得主受邀出席十二月十日所舉行的頒獎典禮領獎，這是諾獎創辦人阿弗烈‧諾貝爾一八九六年逝世的紀念日。獲獎者會領到一張證書、一枚金牌和獎金一千萬瑞典克朗(約合九十萬美元)。諾貝爾和平獎在挪威首都奧斯陸頒發，其他獎項則是在瑞典首都斯德哥爾摩頒發，這是依據貝爾的意願。
(台北時報林俐凱編譯)
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