Chinese Practice
水洩(泄)不通
(shui3 xie4 bu4 tong1)
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
照片:維基共享資源
not one drop can trickle through
「變文」這種文學體裁盛行於唐代,於宋代式微,可說是中國文學中白話敘事的先聲,據信為佛教僧侶所發展出,以便傳講佛經,使大眾易懂。敦煌莫高窟的手抄本在二十世紀初被發現後,變文這個文學體裁才為後人所知。變文的主題通常為佛教教義,也有中國歷史人物和故事,且常增添華麗生動的潤飾,使人物與情節更具戲劇效果。
《敦煌變文集新書.卷五.伍子胥變文》,是敦煌所藏經卷的一部分,講述春秋時期伍子胥逃離楚王所設陷阱的故事。
楚王因懷疑伍奢計畫叛變而囚禁他,並逼他把兩個兒子也叫來。伍奢的兩個兒子都懷疑這是個陷阱:一個去了,結果跟他父親一起被處死了。另一個兒子,也就是伍子胥,則決定逃跑。楚王下令懸賞捉拿伍子胥,並說任何庇護伍子胥或幫助他逃跑的人都會被處死,且連誅全族。這道詔令下達全國,邊哨也戒備嚴密,而被形容為「水楔不通」,意為非常嚴密,連水都無法通過。
「楔」字與「洩」和「泄」同音,一般認為這個故事可能是成語「水洩不通」(或「水泄不通」)的由來,其字面意義為「連一滴水都通不過」,意指無法穿透。
在英文中,若是一個房間或空間很擁擠,例如在酒吧或地鐵,擠到幾乎不可能穿過人群,我們可以形容這個地方「packed」,甚至是「jam-packed」。我們也可以說人群「packed like sardines」(像沙丁魚一樣擠滿),就像是密實裝在罐頭裡的魚一樣。
(台北時報編譯林俐凱譯)
歌迷們徹夜排隊,把會場擠得水洩不通,為的就是要一睹偶像丰采。
(The singer’s fans queued through the night, packing the place out, just so they could get a glimpse of their idol.)
趁著連假想出門逛逛,沒想到大街上已經是水泄不通、寸步難行。
(We thought we’d make use of the long weekend to stroll around, but the streets were packed, and we couldn’t go a step in any direction.)
英文練習
packed like sardines; jam-packed
The literary form bianwen (“transformation texts”), popular during the Tang Dynasty but in serious decline by the Song, were perhaps some of the earliest examples of vernacular narratives in Chinese literature, and were believed to have been developed by Buddhist monks wanting to spread their teachings in a literature understandable by the masses. The existence of bianwen as a literary form in its own right was unknown until examples were discovered among manuscripts in the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang in China’s Gansu Province in the early 20th century. Generally themed on Buddhist teachings, the bianwen texts also used figures and stories from Chinese history, often adding flourishes and embellishing characters and events for dramatic effect.
The Wu Zixu bianwen, discovered as part of the Dunhuang cache, relates the story of the official Wu Zixu avoiding a trap set by the king of Chu state in the Spring and Autumn period.
The king had imprisoned Wu She on suspicion of plotting rebellion, and forced him to call his two sons to his side in his hour of need. Both suspected a trap: One went, and was executed with his father; the second, Wu Zixu, decided to flee. The king issued an order offering a reward for Wu’s capture, adding that anyone sheltering Wu or helping him escape would be executed, and their entire family put to death. The order was distributed throughout the state and security at the border passes was so impenetrable it was described as 水楔不通, meaning “so tight even water cannot pass.”
The character 楔 (xie4) is homophonic with 洩 and 泄, and it is thought this story may be the origin of the idiom 水洩不通 (or 水泄不通), literally “not one drop can trickle through,“ and meaning impenetrable.
In English, when a room or space is so crowded it is almost impossible to get through the throng of people, such as in a bar or on a subway, we can say the place is packed, or even jam-packed. We can also say the people are “packed like sardines,” as with canned fish tightly packed into a tin.
(Paul Cooper, Taipei Times)
It’s difficult to breathe in here. It’s jam-packed.
(這裡超擠,讓人呼吸困難。)
Let’s not go to Taipei City Hall Plaza for the New Year countdown. We’ll be packed like sardines, and won’t be able to move.
(我們還是不要去台北市政府廣場跨年好了,因為我們會擠得寸步難行。)
NASA decided Saturday last week it’s too risky to bring two astronauts back to Earth in Boeing’s troubled new capsule, and they’ll have to wait until next year for a ride home with SpaceX. What should have been a weeklong test flight for the pair will now last more than eight months. The seasoned pilots have been stuck at the International Space Station since the beginning of June. A cascade of vexing thruster failures and helium leaks in the new capsule marred their trip to the space station, and they ended up in a holding pattern as engineers conducted tests and
A: The Michelin Guide for this year has been revealed. B: Which restaurants have been awarded three stars this time? A: Taipei’s Le Palais and Tairroir and Taichung’s JL Studio. B: Those fancy restaurants all look expensive. A: Then you can try the more affordable Bib Gourmand. A: 今年的《米其林指南》終於公佈了。 B: 榮獲3星的有哪幾家? A: 有台北的「頤宮」、「態芮」,和台中的「JL Studio」! B: 可是他們好像都不便宜耶。 A: 那你還可以參考價格比較親民的《必比登推介》。 (By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times/台北時報張聖恩)
With summer approaching, many people are planning some fun water activities. Standup paddle boarding (SUP), which simply involves standing on a large board and propelling yourself with a paddle, is becoming increasingly popular. The history of SUP dates back thousands of years, with early forms found as early as 3000 BC across various regions like Peru and China. However, the contemporary version of SUP originated in Hawaii in the 1940s, when local surfer John Ah Choy, unable to surf traditionally due to his age, started standing on his board and using a canoe paddle. This style eventually evolved into the SUP
新冠疫情期間,媒體曾經報導「廣州零號感染源,疑透過餐廳空調傳播」,之前媒體也常出現「零號病人」之類的報導,諸如:「義大利 0 號病人出院,遭起底竟是......」,「紐約確診人數近6萬,……零號病人出院」。 所謂「零號病人」,就是台灣平常我們說的「首例」。如:「台首例武漢肺炎病患出院」,【獨家專訪】台灣首例武漢肺炎確診個案治癒過程! 「零號病人」英文叫 patient zero 或 index case,其實就是某個國家/地區第一個列入紀錄的案例。關於 index case,Wikipedia 的定義如下: The index case (sometimes referred to as patient zero) is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population, or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study. 為何第一個案例會說成patient zero?BBC 有一則關於新冠肺炎的報導裡提到它的由來: 愛滋病流行期間意外創造了「零號病人」一詞。80年代初期,美國美國疾病管制與預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)的研究人員調查愛滋病在洛杉磯和舊金山的傳播時,以英文字母O來指「加州以外」(outside of California) 的某個案例。其他研究人員誤將這代表外州 (outside) 的字母“O”,解讀為數字“0”,因此「零號病人」的說法就這樣誕生了。 …patient zero is a term used to describe the first human infected by a viral or bacterial disease in an outbreak…. Whilst investigating the spread of the disease…researchers…used the letter “O” to refer a case of someone “outside the state of California.” Other researchers wrongfully interpreted the letter as