They were four years old, 15 or only seven months when they were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen-Belsen, Buchenwald and Ravensbruck. Some were born there.
Somehow they survived, began their lives again and had children, grandchildren and even great grandchildren themselves. Now in the evening of their lives, some 40 survivors of the Nazi camps tell their story as the world marks the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the most notorious of the death camps.
In 15 countries, from Israel to Poland, Russia to Argentina, Canada to South Africa, they spoke of victory over absolute evil.
Photo: Reuters
Some spoke publicly for the first time, others have long recounted the horrors visited upon them. Many wondered what would be remembered when they were gone.
“I am part of the very last generation,” said 86-year-old Evelyn Askolovitch, who was four when she was taken from her home in France to the camps and survived Bergen-Belsen.
“How did the world allow Auschwitz?” asked 95-year-old Marta Neuwirth from Santiago, Chile. She was 15 when she was sent from Hungary to the largest and most notorious Nazi death camp in occupied Poland.
Photo: AFP
Around one million Jews as well as Roma and members of the Polish resistance were murdered there between 1940 and its liberation by the Red Army on Jan. 27, 1945. Most went straight to the gas chambers as soon as they arrived.
Six million Jews in total were slaughtered.
“Even now I don’t know why they hate us so much,” said 97-year-old Gyorgyi Nemes, who survived Ravensbruck and Flossenburg camps in Germany and Mauthausen in Austria.
Photo: Reuters
NO ONE WANTED TO HEAR
All have had to try to make sense of life after watching their parents go to the gas chambers, their brothers and sisters die of hunger or exhaustion, or discover at the end of the war that their families had been wiped out.
“It is too difficult to talk about, too hard,” Julia Wallach, who is nearly 100, said. The Parisian was dragged off a lorry destined for the gas chamber in Birkenau at the last minute.
But hard as it is to relive the horrors, she insisted she would continue to give witness.
“As long as I can do it, I will do it.” Beside her, her granddaughter Frankie asked, “Will they believe us when we talk about this when she is not there.”
That is why Naftali Furst, a 92-year-old Israeli Auschwitz survivor born in Bratislava, has been going to Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic for years to tell his story “so the younger generations never forget what happened.”
It is also why Esther Senot, 97, braved the Polish winter last month to go back to Birkenau with French high school students. She was keeping a promise she made in 1944 to her dying sister Fanny, who asked her with her last breath to “tell what happened to us... so that we are not forgotten by history.”
“We shouldn’t have died for nothing,” echoed 97-year-old Eva Shainblum in Montreal, who at 16 was deported to the same enormous death camp next to Auschwitz from what is today Romania. Almost all of her family were exterminated.
What we now forget is that for years no one wanted to hear about the Shoah.
It took until Dec. 7, 1970 and a remarkable act of contrition by German Chancellor Willy Brandt, who knelt in front of a monument to the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and begged forgiveness for his people, utlimately helping to create a space for their suffering to be heard.
NOT A SCREAM
The shock of their arrival in the camps, the horror of the selections, the brutality of the SS and the cold efficiency of industrial mass murder still haunt the survivors.
Many were already traumatised by their nightmarish journey to the camps inside locked cattle trucks “like animals.”
“There were about 80 of us, women, children and old people with just a bucket. No water or even a bit of bread,” said Albrecht Weinberg, 99, who still lives in Germany.
“When we arrived [at Auschwitz], prisoners in uniforms with sticks shouted ‘Out! Out!’ The old people fell out of the wagon — there was a heap of them on the ground — and the young came out on top of them.”
The old, the fragile and the children were sent straight to their deaths, the rest became slave laborers.
“They separated us, women and children on one side, men on the other side. It was a long platform, and at the end of it was a table with several SS soldiers,” recalled 100-year-old Hungarian-born Canadian Ted Bolgar. The soldiers “looked at you and waved you right or left. We had no idea what it meant. But we found out later.”
Marta Neuwirth, who sorted the clothes taken from inmates at Auschwitz, saw columns of naked women arriving “day and night” from convoys that “arrived from everywhere.”
“They made them throw their clothes on the ground. They weren’t worried, they thought they were going to have a shower... there wasn’t a scream. It was calm. They went big and healthy straight to the ovens.”
Ted Bolgar’s sister and mother were gassed as soon as they arrived, “then burned at night.” He and his father were sent the other way during the selection when he told them he was an electrician, doomed to become slaves at the mercy of the SS butchers and their underlings.
“The work was so hard... so brutal that sometimes three people died of exhaustion in one day,” said Albrecht Weinberg, who worked burying cables under Auschwitz.
Not to mention the hunger. Pole Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, 98, who was held in the Stutthof camp, said there were “weeks when I ate nothing. I passed out from hunger.”
And then there were the medical experiments. Romanian-born American Sami Steigmann became a human guinea pig in the Mogilev-Podolsky camp near the border between today’s Ukraine and Moldova.
“I’m in constant pain every single second,” said the 85-year-old, who has long lived in poverty.
“I used extremely powerful, addictive medication, but about 45 years ago, I decided to learn to live with the pain, but without the medication.”
SLEEPLESS NIGHTS
Hirsz Litmanowicz was sent at age 11 with his brother to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Later transferred to Sachsenhausen in Germany, they tested hepatitis B vaccines on his skeletal body.
His brother was not chosen for the experiemnts and died in the camps.
“I wasn’t even able to say goodbye or hold him to me,” said the Polish-born Peruvian, overcome with emotion.
Now 93, and a grandfather of six and great grandfather of eight, he admitted that he “feels the pain of what I endured more now than in the past. I don’t sleep at night.”
“I had a twin sister,” said Polish-born Canadian Pinchas Gutter, 92. They were both sent to Majdanek camp when he was 11. He was separated from Sabrina the moment they stepped into that “apocalyptic hell.”
“She started running towards my mother, and she hugged her... She had this beautiful blonde braid.”
That beautiful braid is now the only visual memory he has of Sabrina, who was gassed with her mother.
“It is extremely hurtful to me,” the old man said.
It was her mother’s heroic strength which saved Prague-born Israeli Eva Erben, 84, who was also in Theresienstadt before being sent to Auschwitz.
“She talked about what we would do when he went home; what we would buy, what shoes we’d have, what clothes we’d wear when we visited people, and how we would have our teeth repaired.”
She died in the snow on the “death march” to Germany and Austria when the Nazis emptied the camps as the Soviet army approached.
ANTI-SEMITISM RETURNS
Like many of the remaining survivors, Nate Leipciger said, “I did not expect that it would be so important to talk about the Holocaust 80 years later but it has become so because of the terrible rise in anti-Semitism around the world.”
Many survivors are frightened by the rise of the far-right across Europe, especially the Alternative for Germany (AfD).
“These are dark times,” said Erich Richard Finsches, 97, horrified by the historic victory of the Freedom Party (FPOe) in his native Austria. He believes that voters are being duped just as they were by Austrian-born Adolf Hitler in the 1930s. Pinchas Gutter worries that the Holocaust “will get drowned out” by the weight of history, or by the constant stream of social media, adds Eva Shainblum.
“For decades they said we talked about it too much... but the more generations pass the less they seem to know about what happened,” said Hungarian Judit Varga Hoffmann, 97, who survived Auschwitz.
Seeing her Roma culture and language fade adds to the suffering of Vienna-born Rosa Schneeberger, who was sent to the Lackenbach “gypsy” camp in Austria at age five.
“The Sinti are disappearing,” said the 88-year-old.
“Most died during the war” and there are not enough survivors to keep the community going, she said.
STANDING UP
Despite everything, the survivors hold to hope and a faith in life that sustained them through the worst a human can endure.
You can only be awed listening to Nemes, who said, “I buried my husband 10 years ago, but I have a son, a daughter-in-law and my family... I’m the luckiest person in the world.”
Or 103-year-old Ella Blumenthal, who lost her whole family — 23 people — in the Holocaust.
“It was a miracle we came out alive. We weren’t gassed and I’m still here. So it’s an art, I am telling you, to survive.
“We must pass the torch to the young,” said Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who was in the Polish resistance, and survived the death marches at 15 to testify 75 years later in the trial of the SS guard Bruno Dey, one of the last of its kind.
The young “are the only hope”, he said.
In the March 9 edition of the Taipei Times a piece by Ninon Godefroy ran with the headine “The quiet, gentle rhythm of Taiwan.” It started with the line “Taiwan is a small, humble place. There is no Eiffel Tower, no pyramids — no singular attraction that draws the world’s attention.” I laughed out loud at that. This was out of no disrespect for the author or the piece, which made some interesting analogies and good points about how both Din Tai Fung’s and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co’s (TSMC, 台積電) meticulous attention to detail and quality are not quite up to
April 21 to April 27 Hsieh Er’s (謝娥) political fortunes were rising fast after she got out of jail and joined the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in December 1945. Not only did she hold key positions in various committees, she was elected the only woman on the Taipei City Council and headed to Nanjing in 1946 as the sole Taiwanese female representative to the National Constituent Assembly. With the support of first lady Soong May-ling (宋美齡), she started the Taipei Women’s Association and Taiwan Provincial Women’s Association, where she
Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) Chairman Eric Chu (朱立倫) hatched a bold plan to charge forward and seize the initiative when he held a protest in front of the Taipei City Prosecutors’ Office. Though risky, because illegal, its success would help tackle at least six problems facing both himself and the KMT. What he did not see coming was Taipei Mayor Chiang Wan-an (將萬安) tripping him up out of the gate. In spite of Chu being the most consequential and successful KMT chairman since the early 2010s — arguably saving the party from financial ruin and restoring its electoral viability —
It is one of the more remarkable facts of Taiwan history that it was never occupied or claimed by any of the numerous kingdoms of southern China — Han or otherwise — that lay just across the water from it. None of their brilliant ministers ever discovered that Taiwan was a “core interest” of the state whose annexation was “inevitable.” As Paul Kua notes in an excellent monograph laying out how the Portuguese gave Taiwan the name “Formosa,” the first Europeans to express an interest in occupying Taiwan were the Spanish. Tonio Andrade in his seminal work, How Taiwan Became Chinese,
RSS