As South Korea enters a bitter presidential race, Hong Hee-jin is one of many young women who feel that the country’s politics have become dominated by discrimination against women, even outright misogyny.
“Women are being treated like they don’t even have voting rights,” the 27-year-old Seoul office worker said.
For years, South Korean women have made slow, but steady progress in the workplace as they confronted an entrenched culture of male chauvinism and harassment, but this extremely tight presidential race, which culminates on March 9, has exposed the fragility of what has been won.
Illustration: Mountain People
Top conservative candidate Yoon Suk-yeol and his liberal rival Lee Jae-myung — both men above 55 — are fighting for what they see as a “male” vote crucial for victory. They have increasingly focused their messages on young men who decry gender equality policies and the loss of traditional privileges in a hypercompetitive job market.
“Politicians are taking the easy path,” Hong said. “Instead of coming up with real policies to solve problems facing young people, they are fanning gender conflicts, telling men in their 20s that their difficulties stem from women receiving too many benefits.”
The tensions can be seen on the streets. Hundreds of women have marched in protest against the “election of misogyny.” Vocal groups of vocal anti-feminist men have staged rallies in response.
Divisive gender politics have grown as South Korea deals with a fast-aging population, a plummeting birthrate, soaring personal debt, a decaying job market and stark inequality. There is also the growing nuclear threat from North Korea, and fears of being squeezed in the confrontation between the US and China.
However, no campaign issue has caused more debate than Yoon’s vow to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, which the candidate said promotes policies unfair to men.
A former prosecutor general, Yoon, 61, has also vowed stronger penalties for false sexual crime reports. Critics have said that this makes up only a small number of rape claims, and that the threat of tougher punishment could intimidate victims from coming forward amid a male backlash against the #MeToo movement.
As the candidate for the ruling Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), Lee, 57, has taken a cautious approach to gender issues, while clashing with Yoon over the economy and North Korean policy.
Narrowly trailing Yoon in the polls, Lee has faced calls to appeal to more young men, whose support of conservative candidates in mayoral by-elections in Seoul and Busan might have led to a shocking double defeat for the DPK.
Lee has described gender tensions as related to joblessness, and said that men should not be discriminated against. He said he plans to keep the gender ministry, but under a different Korean name that no longer includes the word “women.”
Yoon’s campaign has been influenced by People Power Party Chairman Lee Jun-seok, a 36-year-old Harvard-educated “men’s rights” advocate who describes hiring targets for women and other gender equality policies as “reverse discrimination.”
Lee Jun-seok calls feminist politics “blowfish poison.”
During a presidential debate on Monday, Yoon repeated an argument that South Korea no longer has any structural barriers to women’s success, saying discrimination is now about “individual versus individual.”
The World Economic Forum ranks South Korea 102 out of 156 nations in an index that examines gender gaps in jobs, education, health and political representation.
South Korea has by far the largest gender pay gap among developed economies at about 32 percent, and women remain significantly underrepresented in corporate boardrooms and politics, the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development said.
The country’s record-low birthrate underscores how many women find it impossible to combine careers and family.
About 80 percent of South Koreans said that there is a fair amount of gender conflict in their country, a survey by Ipsos Group showed.
Scrapping the gender ministry could weaken women’s rights and “take a toll on democracy,” said Chung Hyun-back, an academic who served as gender equality minister under South Korean President Moon Jae-in from July 2017 to September 2018.
The ministry is also a key government department committed to helping single parents, sexual abuse survivors, and the families of minorities and migrants, she said.
The prospect frustrates Kang Ji-woo, a 36-year-old single mother who once struggled to find a job in a deeply conservative society and who receives childcare support from the gender ministry. Unwed mothers in South Korea are sometimes pressured and shamed into having abortions or relinquishing their children for adoption.
“There’s no candidate worth trusting on polices aimed at helping the disadvantaged,” she said.
South Korean conservatives are galvanizing around a Donald Trump-like brand of divisive “identity politics” that speaks almost exclusively to men after years of disarray following the 2017 ouster of the country’s first female president, Park Geun-hye, during a massive corruption scandal, Seoul National University professor of politics Park Won-ho said.
Yoon is tapping into the resentment of men in their 20s and 30s who face a bleak job market while agonizing over soaring housing prices, and dimming prospects for marriage and parenthood. They are increasingly sensitive to competition from women, who often outpace them at school and are more eager to break from traditional gender roles for professional advancement.
Even as many men cling to the notion that their female colleagues have it easier in the workplace — including being exempt from a mandatory 18-month military service — women have begun to more loudly criticize a male-centered corporate culture that exposes them to harassment, unequal pay and promotions, and often derails their careers after they have children.
Hong Eun-pyo, a 39-year-old who runs an anti-feminist YouTube channel, justifies higher pay for men, insisting that they put in longer hours and perform more difficult tasks.
“If they want to reach as high as their male peers and be paid the same wages, they should keep working and not get pregnant,” he said.
Office worker Song Tae-woong said that young men, worried about a life path that seems tougher than that of their fathers, resent women’s increasing complaints about society.
“Our parents’ generation, now in their 50s and 60s, got married early and progressed step by step,” he said, adding that South Koreans today are “extremely restless.”
Some experts, including Chung, think politicians are overplaying the gender grievances of certain middle-class, college-educated men who have become radicalized over the Internet as they compete with women for a shrinking number of decent jobs.
However, surveys show a striking political divide between increasingly conservative young men and their more left-leaning female peers, not just over gender issues, but also on the economy and national security, Park Won-ho said.
This indicates that conservatives are successfully mobilizing their young male supporters to back broader agendas, including tougher approaches on North Korea and policies emphasizing economic growth over welfare spending. Younger women are left feeling largely unrepresented, polls show.
Lee Ji-young, a teacher who has risen to the top of her field in the highly competitive private tutoring business, remembers years of sexual harassment and unwanted advances by male colleagues who constantly questioned her competitiveness.
One colleague told her that South Korean society was stable during the medieval era “because women were quiet, but that now they have ruined South Korea,” Lee Ji-young said.
She said she once twisted the wrist of a male colleague when he tried to touch her backside.
“Usually women wouldn’t react this way,” Lee Ji-young said. “I’ve witnessed women who would cry at home or quit work ... because they were afraid of being judged, personally and professionally.”
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