Back in February, as the world was beating a path to Taiwan’s door for help to tackle a shortage of semiconductors, Minister of Health and Welfare Chen Shih-chung (陳時中) got into a scrap with China over COVID-19 vaccines.
Beijing, he said, had used political pressure to derail Taiwan’s plan to purchase 5 million doses directly from Germany’s BioNTech, rather than via a Chinese company that held the rights to develop and market the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine across Taiwan, China, Hong Kong and Macau.
Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Hua Chunying (華春瑩) retorted that Taipei “should stop hyping up political issues under the pretext of vaccine issues.”
Three months later, Taiwan is paying the price for a lack of vaccines, with a surge in virus cases that threatens to trigger a lockdown. Having successfully sidestepped the first COVID-19 wave, the government now faces a health emergency — only about 1 percent of its population is vaccinated so far — with the potential to disrupt the chip industry that dominates the local economy, and which is critical to an already-squeezed global supply.
That is a link made by the head of Taiwan’s office in New York, who warned of “logistical problems” without access to more shots. Yet by shunning vaccines from China and warning of more chip shortages if it cannot source enough doses elsewhere, the government is giving even greater incentive to the world’s biggest economies to make investments that might erode Taiwan’s competitive edge in semiconductors over the long term.
Taiwan’s predicament illustrates its strategic yet vulnerable position at the confluence of US-China tensions. Separated by a 177km-wide strait, Taiwan is regarded as a province by Beijing and its conquest is Chinese President Xi Jinping’s (習近平) key goal for historical and ideological reasons. The US is an ally of Taipei’s democratic government and a big buyer of its exports, dominated by chips produced by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC).
The onset late last year of chip shortages that have hobbled industries from autos to computer gaming had looked to give Taipei global leverage. TSMC is the world’s leading provider of cutting-edge semiconductors and holds 56 percent of the so-called foundry business of manufacturing chips designed by customers including Apple and Qualcomm.
However, Taiwan has suffered a sudden reversal of fortunes. The pandemic comes just as a drought triggers water rationing, stoking economic uncertainty and a slump in what was the world’s best performing stock index in the four years to January.
What is more, the very source of Taiwan’s recent geopolitical clout — its dominance of the market for cutting-edge chips — is under attack as governments from the US to Europe and Japan, alerted to the strategic nature of the semiconductor supply chain, seek to spur production at home. China is pumping billions into catching up after Washington imposed export controls on US chip technology.
“I think we’ve become too dependent on Taiwan and [South] Korea, that’s the point, we need a more balanced global supply chain,” Pat Gelsinger, chief executive officer of Silicon Valley’s Intel, the world’s biggest chipmaker, said in an interview.
The US and Europe should act “more aggressively” to counter the “imbalance” of Asia’s lead in manufacturing semiconductors that are mostly consumed in the West, he said.
Intel is a rival and plans to challenge TSMC at the cutting edge, but Gelsinger is not the only voice making for uncomfortable listening in Taiwan.
US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo this month said that while the administration of US President Joe Biden is working with Taipei and TSMC to address the chip shortage, it is also looking to reduce US dependence on Taiwan.
TSMC is in the process of building a new fabrication facility in the US.
Some in Washington have suggested that Taiwan is a back door to China by enabling tech transfers.
US Representative Michael McCaul and US Senator Tom Cotton, both Republicans, have called on the administration to engage with Taipei to do more to “mitigate the risk of Taiwanese companies providing services and technologies to entities of concern,” a reference to Chinese state-backed companies with links to the military.
With the prospect of about US$50 billion in government funding to build out chip making in the US, and the promise of still more in Europe and South Korea, there are signs that Taiwan is starting to feel the heat.
The government is working to draft a new export control list targeting technologies with military use, to tighten curbs on exports to China and raise the penalty for breaches, according to a person familiar with the issue who asked not to be named discussing policy deliberations.
Taipei has become more alert to the possibility of Chinese companies ramping up efforts to recruit Taiwanese engineers. Last month, the Cabinet met to discuss how to prevent the outflow of local talent, with the Ministry of Labor instructing local job-search Web sites to remove ads recruiting Taiwanese citizens to work for China, particularly in the semiconductor industry.
“By more aggressively investigating Chinese companies’ efforts to poach Taiwanese engineers, we hope we can help prevent potential trade secrets leaking to China should local talent get hired away,” Hsinchu District Prosecutors’ Office spokeswoman Judy Chen said.
She declined to name the companies probed.
Members of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) are considering amending the law to boost penalties for intellectual property theft.
DPP Legislator Chao Tien-lin (趙天麟) has proposed life sentences for those found guilty of economic espionage, a crime not on the statute books in Taiwan.
“Taiwan needs to win trust from its partners and help prevent China from building a supply chain from stolen technology,” Chao said in comments provided by his assistant.
Whether it is enough to allay concerns in Washington might become clearer with the publication of Biden’s review of the semiconductor supply chain. The 100-day review is due to conclude on Friday next week. What is already known is that there is bipartisan support to build US chipmaking, and Taiwan is in the crosshairs.
“Taiwan dominates semiconductor manufacturing, and one company, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, virtually controls the market,” US Senator John Cornyn, a Texas Republican who introduced the CHIPS for America act to boost US production, said on the US Senate floor this month.
The sustainability of Taiwan’s industry has also come into question after it suffered power outages this month, focusing attention on environmental factors including water shortages and uncertainty over future electricity supply for power-hungry chip plants.
On Monday, shares in tech companies, such as smartphone maker Xiaomi and computer giant Lenovo Group, slid over concerns that Taiwan’s COVID-19 outbreak could further jeopardize semiconductor supplies.
Taiwan can potentially overcome the virus outbreak as well as the power and water shortages, showing that its companies “can still satisfy global demand by manufacturing mostly in Taiwan without any issue,” said Arisa Liu (劉佩真), a researcher at the Taiwan Institute of Economic Research.
In the short term that will require vaccines.
On Saturday, the chairman of Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical (Group), the Greater China distributor of the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine, told China’s state-run Xinhua news agency that the company was willing “to use the vaccine to serve Taiwan compatriots.”
However, it is unclear if Taiwan would accept a vaccine deal that goes through Fosun, making it more likely any shots will come from Europe or the US.
Chi Chun-huei (紀駿輝), a former health policy adviser in Taiwan who is now director of the Center for Global Health at Oregon State University, said that “many politicians in Taiwan urged the Taiwanese government to use microchips as leverage” for vaccines.
While the government is reluctant to use that leverage explicitly, “if the US is concerned about the supply of chips from TSMC, the US would have incentives to provide Taiwan with vaccines to make sure production will not be disrupted by this outbreak,” Chi said.
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