Sun, Oct 01, 2023 page12

• Syrian beekeepers battle both war and climate change

  Despite beehives in the country making a comeback since the start of the war, contamination from bombs and pesticide misuse, along with forest fires, have limited production

  • By Maher al-Mounes / AFP, RANKUS, Syria
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  Syrian beekeeper Ibrahim Damiriya is struggling to produce honey from his hives on parched land near the capital, Damascus, after years of war, economic collapse and worsening climate change effects.

  “The war bled us dry. We could barely keep our beekeeping business afloat, and then the insane weather made things worse,” the 62-year-old said, wearing a beekeeping suit as he examined meager honey stocks inside the hives.

  Before Syria’s conflict erupted in 2011, Damiriya owned 110 hives in Rankus, a village near Damascus that was once filled with apple orchards.

  

  Beekeeper Ibrahim Damiriya holds a hive frame from one of his beehives near Rankus, Syria, on Sept. 11.

  Photo: AFP

  Now a combination of fighting, severe drought and a grueling economic crisis have left him with a mere 40 hives in semi-arid lands, devastating his honey yield.

  Rankus was once renowned for its honey, but was hard hit by fighting between government forces and rebels that caused widespread destruction, pushing many residents to flee.

  Damiriya can barely afford to tend to his hives, donated by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to help Syrian beekeepers.

  “If we keep suffering from climate change and rising prices, I might have to abandon my profession,” Damiriya said with a sigh.

  Since 2011, Syria’s war has killed more than 500,000 people and caused an acute economic crisis, exacerbated by severe Western sanctions.

  The past few years have also battered Syria with heat waves, low rainfall and more forest fires.

  A 2019 UN report found that fighting had practically wiped out hives, with bombs contaminating the environment and pesticide misuse and a proliferation of parasites speeding up their decline.

  Syria used to be home to 635,000 hives before the war, but their numbers had dwindled to about 150,000 at the height of the conflict in 2016, said Iyad Daaboul, the Damascus-based president of the Arab Beekeepers Union.

  That number has risen back up to 400,000, he said.

  However, the hives yield only 1,500 tonnes of honey per year — half of the country’s pre-war production.

  Unusually cold springs and drought have had an adverse effect on the flowers that bees feed on.

  “Extreme weather conditions have greatly affected bees, especially during spring — the most important time in their life cycle,” Daaboul said.

  The number of beekeepers has nearly halved from 32,000 before the war to about 18,000 today, he said.

  Another threat to the bees are the forest fires that have become more common as temperatures rise.

  Fires “have destroyed more than 1,000 hives on Syria’s coastal mountains and stripped bees of large foraging areas,” Daaboul said.

  Rising temperatures and desertification have taken a toll on Syria’s greenery, destroying many of the plants on whose flowers the bees feed and squeezing the once-thriving agriculture sector.

  Damascus ICRC spokeswoman Suhair Zakkout said that “Syria’s agricultural production has fallen by approximately 50 percent over the last 10 years” because of war and climate change.

  Despite being one of the countries most badly affected by global warming, Syria has lacked the funds it needs to tackle environmental issues, Zakkout said.

  Climate change has devastated farmer Ziad Rankusi’s apple orchards, which have also been greatly thinned by illegal logging as people struggle to keep warm during the winter amid recurrent fuel shortages.

  Rankusi, who is in his 50s, used to tend more than 1,000 trees on his land, but just 400 survive, and they are drying out in the heat.

  “For about five years, we have had unprecedented droughts and desertification, and this year the spring was unusually cold. The fruit perished,” the farmer said. “When trees and flowers disappear, bees can no longer feed. They either migrate or die.”
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