In the wake of the latest US banking meltdown, small lenders might appear vulnerable to an exodus of depositors fleeing for larger banks.
US banking rules guarantee deposits of up to US$250,000, meaning that customers with larger holdings face losses if the bank goes under.
The implications of this rule became painfully clear with the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) early last month after it suffered a run from customers with holdings exceeding the US$250,000 US Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) threshold.
Federal data show that some depositors at small banks did head for the exits, moving about US$120 billion in a single week into larger banks sometimes viewed as too big to fail.
However, minnows like Leader Bank of Massachusetts and Heritage Bank of Minnesota also have a solution to the issue that enables them to pitch themselves as safe options for those seeking to safeguard sums well beyond the US$250,000 FDIC limit.
Leader Bank can guarantee up to US$100 million in deposits from individuals through a technology platform run by fintech company IntraFi Network LLC, which essentially helps to distribute the funds among a network of large and small banks.
This system of reciprocal deposits — which has been getting more attention since the SVB collapse — allows banks to accept large deposits well beyond US$250,000, while still guaranteeing clients that they would be federally insured.
The program appealed to Jennifer Klepper, a cofounder of the start-up Early Works, who began looking at different cash management options last fall.
The goal was to take advantage of higher interest rates, while making sure the money was federally insured.
“We considered putting US$250,000 in each bank,” Klepper said.
However, that option was an “accounting nightmare,” leading Klepper to a program offered by Heritage Bank.
The IntraFi venture and similar offerings from American Deposit Management Co and Wintrust Bank, though compliant with US law, have not escaped criticism.
Former FDIC chair Sheila Bair has accused the ventures of “just gaming the FDIC rules,” saying that it adds moral hazard.
The FDIC “takes all the credit risk,” resulting in “much bigger costs to the FDIC,” she said.
However, Jay Tuli, president of Leader Bank, said that the program mitigates risk, “because it spreads the concentration of large depositors among many banks, not just a select few.”
Further, such reciprocal deposit programs “can help reduce the risk of bank runs, because insured depositors have no reason to participate in bank runs, much less start them,” Heritage Bank chief executive Tom Geiger said.
Since SVB failed, there has been discussion in Washington of raising the US$250,000 FDIC limit, but no consensus has emerged thus far.
In any case, small banks have not always been eager to tout reciprocal deposits.
Bank employees “are very hesitant to mention deposit insurance,” Geiger said, adding that the fear is that borrowers will think “maybe there’s something wrong with this bank.”
This reticence also explains why reciprocal lending programs are better known even though they have been around since the early 2000s.
“It’s really unfortunate, because ... we have this great tool at our disposal,” Geiger said.
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