The nine-year-old boy dressed in blue lay listlessly on the pavement in the scorching Mumbai summer afternoon, his ankle tethered with rope to a bus stop, unheeded by pedestrians strolling past.
Lakhan Kale cannot hear or speak and suffers from cerebral palsy and epilepsy, so his grandmother and carer tied him up to keep him safe while she went to work, selling toys and flower garlands on the city’s roadsides.
“What else can I do? He can’t talk, so how will he tell anyone if he gets lost?” said homeless Sakhubai Kale, 66, who raised Lakhan on the street by the bus stop shaded by the hanging roots of a banyan tree.
Lakhan’s father died several years ago and his mother walked out on the family, his grandmother told reporters.
A photograph of him tied up appeared in a local newspaper last week, sparking concerns among charities and the police and he has since been taken into care at a government-run institution, but activists say his plight comes as little surprise in India, where those with disabilities face daily stigma and discrimination and a lack of facilities to assist them.
Kale said Lakhan “tends to wander off” and that there was no one else to stop him walking into traffic while she and her 12-year-old granddaughter, Rekha, were out making a living. At night she would tie him to her own leg as they slept on the pavement so she would know if he tried to walk away.
“I am a single old woman. Nobody paid attention to me until the newspaper report... He was in a special school, but they sent him back,” she said.
Social worker Meena Mutha has since managed to place Lakhan in a state-run Mumbai home, which takes in a range of needy children from the disabled to the destitute.
“Residential homes are very, very few. There’s a major need for the government to do something, a social responsibility to provide residential centers for children like Lakhan,” said Mutha, a trustee at the Manav Foundation helping people with mental illness.
She added that government-run centers that put children with different needs together did not always have the range of facilities required.
“They don’t have the infrastructure, the staff,” Mutha said.
Conversely, non-government organizations “have expertise, but not the space,” she added, highlighting the squeeze on land in the densely-packed city.
Across India, the 40 to 60 million people with disabilities often face similar struggles to get the help they need, activists say.
“There’s no collective responsibility. You have a disabled child, you look after it,” chief executive at Able Disable All People Together Varsha Hooja said.
She added she had seen other cases of parents locking up children with disabilities while they go to work.
A long-awaited bill was introduced into the Indian parliament in February aiming to give disabled people equal rights — including access to education, employment and legal redress against discrimination — but it has yet to be passed.
Lawyer Rajive Raturi was on the committee that began drafting the bill five years ago, and said the Congress party-led government that has just lost power had pushed through a “complete dilution” of the original, especially on the sections regarding women and children with disabilities.
Raturi, who handles disability cases at the Human Rights Law Network, said he hoped the new parliament elected this month, dominated by incoming Indian prime minister Narendra Modi’s right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party, would “listen to the stakeholders and then make a decision... We can’t change attitudes with an act but if the bill has the right provisions, people will think twice.”
Back by the Mumbai bus stop, Kale squatted on the pavement drinking chai and eating bread on the morning after bidding a tearful goodbye to her grandson. She was hopeful she would get to see him regularly once she acquired an official identity card that would allow her to visit the center.
“I am very happy... What else would I want other than for him to be looked after,” she said
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