Despite decades of denials by Washington and Tokyo, US officials believe they enjoyed a secret pact to transport nuclear weapons through Japan, newly declassified documents showed.
The disclosure came after Japan’s left-leaning government ended more than half a century of conservative rule and launched a probe into thousands of files to settle longstanding suspicions of a hush-hush pact.
Any evidence of an agreement would trigger charges of hypocrisy as Japan is the only nation to have suffered nuclear attacks and has campaigned for the worldwide abolition of the ultra-destructive weapons.
The National Security Archive at George Washington University released documents on Tuesday showing that US officials believed they had an understanding with Japan when the allies signed a new security treaty in 1960.
A confidential US State Department memo prepared in 1960 for then secretary of state Christian Herter to brief Congress said Washington had to consult Japan on “introduction of nuclear weapons.”
However, it said that the US, which has stationed troops in Japan since its defeat in World War II, could use Japanese soil “as needed” in an emergency if communist neighbor North Korea launched an attack.
In a cable sent in 1963, then-US ambassador to Japan Edwin Reischauer said he quietly met for breakfast with the foreign minister, Masayoshi Ohira, and sensed a “full understanding” on the nuclear issue.
“Ohira took [the] presentation in stride and showed not rpt [repeat] not [the] slightest desire to persuade us to alter [the] standing practice,” the cable said.
Whatever the sensitivity of nuclear weapons in Japan, the issue largely involves past history. In 1991 as the Cold War ended, then-president George H.W. Bush stopped US vessels from carrying tactical nuclear weapons.
However, both the US and Japan’s previous governments have steadfastly rejected an inquiry, with Washington saying its military policy is never to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weapons.
“In terms of nuclear weapons, there has always been a resistance to releasing information, particularly where they are based,” said Robert Wampler, a senior fellow at the National Security Archive who led the study.
“But here we are talking about Cold War agreements — dealing with Korea, Vietnam, the Soviets and China,” Wampler said, pleading for the release of more documents.
“It’s secret in name only and I think it would be really great if the Japanese government would clear the air,” he said.
However, any investigation could also get bogged down in semantics on what the US and Japan agreed to.
One declassified 1960 document presented to the secretary of state said in typeface that there was a “confidential agreement.”
The word “agreement” was crossed off with a pen and replaced with “understanding.”
The declassified material also said that US negotiators stressed that they would not “introduce” nuclear weapons to Japan — drawing a distinction with transiting the arms.
The documents provide no clear smoking-gun on one persistent suspicion — that then-US president Richard Nixon insisted on the nuclear transit rights when handing the southern island chain to Okinawa back to Japan in 1972.
However, a 1969 memo by Henry Kissinger, then the national security adviser, detailed Nixon’s negotiating strategy — saying he would press until the last minute to keep US nuclear weapons in Okinawa and was ready to drop the demand in exchange for the transit rights.
Nixon negotiated the handover with Japanese prime minister Eisaku Sato, who later won the Nobel Peace Prize largely for his so-called “three principles” — that Japan will not possess, produce or allow nuclear weapons on its soil.
The US dropped atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, killing more than 210,000 people and ending World War II.
A fire caused by a burst gas pipe yesterday spread to several homes and sent a fireball soaring into the sky outside Malaysia’s largest city, injuring more than 100 people. The towering inferno near a gas station in Putra Heights outside Kuala Lumpur was visible for kilometers and lasted for several hours. It happened during a public holiday as Muslims, who are the majority in Malaysia, celebrate the second day of Eid al-Fitr. National oil company Petronas said the fire started at one of its gas pipelines at 8:10am and the affected pipeline was later isolated. Disaster management officials said shutting the
ACCESS DISPUTE: The blast struck a house, and set cars and tractors alight, with the fires wrecking several other structures and cutting electricity An explosion killed at least five people, including a pregnant woman and a one-year-old, during a standoff between rival groups of gold miners early on Thursday in northwestern Bolivia, police said, a rare instance of a territorial dispute between the nation’s mining cooperatives turning fatal. The blast thundered through the Yani mining camp as two rival mining groups disputed access to the gold mine near the mountain town of Sorata, about 150km northwest of the country’s administrative capital of La Paz, said Colonel Gunther Agudo, a local police officer. Several gold deposits straddle the remote area. Agudo had initially reported six people killed,
TIT-FOR-TAT: The arrest of Filipinos that Manila said were in China as part of a scholarship program follows the Philippines’ detention of at least a dozen Chinese The Philippines yesterday expressed alarm over the arrest of three Filipinos in China on suspicion of espionage, saying they were ordinary citizens and the arrests could be retaliation for Manila’s crackdown against alleged Chinese spies. Chinese authorities arrested the Filipinos and accused them of working for the Philippine National Security Council to gather classified information on its military, the state-run China Daily reported earlier this week, citing state security officials. It said the three had confessed to the crime. The National Security Council disputed Beijing’s accusations, saying the three were former recipients of a government scholarship program created under an agreement between the
SUSPICION: Junta leader Min Aung Hlaing returned to protests after attending a summit at which he promised to hold ‘free and fair’ elections, which critics derided as a sham The death toll from a major earthquake in Myanmar has risen to more than 3,300, state media said yesterday, as the UN aid chief made a renewed call for the world to help the disaster-struck nation. The quake on Friday last week flattened buildings and destroyed infrastructure across the country, resulting in 3,354 deaths and 4,508 people injured, with 220 others missing, new figures published by state media showed. More than one week after the disaster, many people in the country are still without shelter, either forced to sleep outdoors because their homes were destroyed or wary of further collapses. A UN estimate