Investors and conservationists have dreamed up an innovative business plan to save Kenya’s iconic Maasai Mara, a wildlife haven threatened by over-grazing, farming and mass tourism.
Around August each year, swarms of wildebeests come stampeding from Tanzania’s Serengeti plains to find pasture in the Maasai Mara, in a great migration recently dubbed the world’s eighth wonder.
“Twelve years ago, there were 1.2 million wildebeests, last year we had only 300,000. If nothing is done, it could put pay to the migration forever,” said Ron Beaton, a leading Kenyan conservationist.
Having lived in the Maasai Mara for the past 34 years, farming wheat before launching a luxury lodge, Ron Beaton knows better than most the dangers looming over the crown jewel of Kenya’s tourism industry.
“We could be looking at a repetition of the bison and buffalo disappearance in North America,” he said.
Beaton was one of the masterminds of an idea that germinated two years ago to make conservation a viable alternative for the Maasais, the main custodians of the country’s wildlife treasure.
The Maasai Mara national park is a protected area, but the ecosystem around it — which is four times larger — is privately owned.
In 2000, the Kenyan authorities started subdividing the land into small plots for Maasai families.
In a pastoralist culture where land had always been considered God-given, the newly acquired notion of ownership soon led to tensions between neighbors trespassing to find pasture for their livestock.
Cramped for grazing in their shriveled estates, many Maasais opted for wheat farming or simply sold their plots to developers.
Both outcomes contributed to choking the natural habitat of the lions and elephants so prized by the world’s tourists.
“The Maasai had to make a choice because the pastoralist lifestyle was no longer sustainable,” said Dickson Kaelo, a Maasai academic who was instrumental in promoting a new model of private conservancies that would benefit all.
Maasai landowners outside the boundaries of the national park were not getting returns from game viewing fees and could see little reason not to spear or poison their cattle’s predators.
In 2006, dozens of Maasai landowners in the immediate surroundings of the Mara reserve and private tourism investors teamed up to create the Olare Orok conservancy.
“The new arrangement is that having wildlife earns you money, whether there are tourists or not,” Kaelo said.
Using a new approach to generating and sharing tourism revenue, Olare Orok hosts four luxury tourist lodges to form a conservancy of more than 8,100 hectares bordering the national reserve.
The conservancy brings together the plots of some 150 Maasai landowners, who lease the land to the tourism partners in exchange for a fixed rent providing better income than they could achieve with farming.
Upon signing the five-year lease, landowners move out their huts and allow wildlife to roam freely in the conservancy, which is run by a management company itself operating under a foundation.
The Hasla-Mara foundation follows a mix of commercial and philanthropic models to make the conservancy viable, in a stark departure from the model in the national park, where income generated by viewing fees was poorly distributed to the community by a corrupt council.
“Wheat and maize you can grow anywhere in the world but these people don’t have the efficiency per acre that others have and when prices drop they’ll be the first to lose out,” Hasla-Mara founder A.J. Patel said.
Patel, a wealthy businessman of Indian origin who grew up in Uganda before his community was expelled by Idi Amin in 1972 and now lives in California, says the Maasais were never encouraged to see wildlife as their main wealth.
“In any business, the more exotic a product the higher price it commands. With this wildlife, they have one of the best exotic products in the world,” he said.
If replicated, the model could create large protected corridors in Africa, Patel said, citing Doug Tompkins, the former founder of the Esprit clothing company who turned environmentalist to create reserves in Chile and Argentina.
Conservationists say the conservancy model can help the Maasais — who are prone to social woes such as drinking when thrust into an urban environment — preserve their identity by reclaiming their original lifestyle.
“We used to take predators as our enemies but Maasais are natural conservationists,” said Daniel Sopia, a young landowner.
“But now we see animals as very precious,” he said.
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