A coup attempt in the Congo capital of Kinshasa and a week of clashes over an eastern border city made clear the precariousness of the country's peace, raising fears among its desperate people that they could be plunged back into Africa's deadliest war.
The Congolese already saw 3.3 million countrymen die in the 1998-2002 war, which drew in armies from five neighboring nations. Last week, tens of thousands took to the streets nationwide to vent their anger over the threat of new conflict.
"What will happen next? We are on our way to chaos," an opposition politician, Valentin Mubake Nombi, lamented in Kinshasa, which saw the bloodiest of the rioting that erupted with the June 2 fall of Bukavu in eastern Congo to renegade former rebels.
Congolese denounced the postwar power-sharing government and burned, stoned and looted bases of the 10,800 UN peacekeepers in Congo. The mobs blamed both for Bukavu's takeover by two former rebel commanders and their supporters. At the end of the week, the brittle transition government led by President Joseph Kabila seemed to have survived the biggest threat in its 14 months, after driving the last renegades from Bukavu on Wednesday and crushing a coup attempt by presidential guards in Kinshasa on Friday.
But it was evident the tensions that touched off the war remain severe, two years after the conflict ended.
The violent protests across the country after Bukavu's capture represented the desperation and anger of the powerless -- knowing through experience what faces them if Congo's war revives, a longtime humanitarian official said.
"Another victim of this war was people's sense of hope, sense of control over their lives," said Michael Despines, an International Rescue Committee regional director who spent six years in Congo during and after the war. "That was starting to come back."
The fighting over Bukavu showed people how delicate the situation is, Despines said.
"It unleashed this frustration and rage in the population over the lack of control of their lives," he said. "They can't provide ... they can't protect their women or children."
Congo's tragedy began with Rwanda's -- in 1994, when the Rwandan government, dominated by ethnic Hutus, massacred more than a half million minority Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
Congo's leaders did nothing when Rwandan Hutus involved in the genocide fled into Congo, setting up bases for attacks on Rwanda after Tutsi-led forces drove them from power.
Seeking to end the threat, Rwan-da's army invaded eastern Congo in 1996, and again in 1998, backing Congolese rebels. The renegade Congolese Tutsi commanders were wartime members of the Rwanda-backed rebel group. But Rwanda denied any involvement in the latest Bukavu fighting, and UN officials said they saw no sign of Rwandan troops there.
Uganda joined Rwanda in the 1998 offensive, with both pouring in thousands of soldiers in a bid to topple Congo's government that grew into Africa's "first world war."
Congo's southern neighbors -- Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia -- sent troops to support the government.
The government and its allies held on to the capital, in western Congo, and 40 percent of the nation. Their foes controlled the rest, running de facto fiefdoms in the resource-rich east and northeast.
The split severed the Congo River and other trade routes. Cut off from the rest of the country, Kinshasa went hungry. Dog-meat shacks did sellout business after each morning's roundup from people's yards.
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