Three years ago Mr and Mrs Lee (李) fulfilled their dream of parenthood with the help of a surrogate mother. However, like many Taiwanese couples who cannot have a child naturally, they sought surrogacy abroad because the procedure is illegal at home.
“Healthy couples cannot imagine the difficulty and pain we have been through. We tried everything we could,” said Lee, a 40-year-old businessman in Taipei who did not wish to give his full name.
Lee and his 35-year-old wife also considered adoption.
Photo: AFP
“However, since there was still a way we could have our own child, surrogacy was the best option,” he said.
“We envied other couples who have children and we finally felt that our lives were complete when our son was born,” he said.
A bill to legalize altruistic surrogacy — in which a woman agrees to carry a child for another couple through in vitro fertilization without financially profiting from the procedure — remains in limbo in Taiwan, forcing couples like the Lees into the global commercial surrogacy market.
The country is divided over the controversial and sensitive issue, which presents a legal and ethical minefield for experts who have failed to agree on issues such as the rights of the surrogate mother, the biological parents and the fetus.
Those who broker or gain financially from embryo reproduction face a possible two-year jail term, although there is no penalty for those who pay for it, according to prosecutors.
The legality of surrogacy varies widely around the world, particularly in Asia, where for-profit surrogacy services are prohibited in many countries.
One exception is India, where the government is in the process of passing laws to regulate a fertility industry that offers foreign couples cheaper alternatives to options such as having to travel to the US or Britain to find a surrogate mother.
Altruistic surrogacy options are legally available in Australia, subject to strict screening processes. China prohibits surrogacy, while Japan, South Korea and Thailand have no laws determining the rights of participants.
Taiwan’s health authorities first contemplated legalizing surrogacy about a decade ago and drafted a bill in 2005, but there has been no real progress since then.
“In light of the demand for reproductive technology, as well as some ethical concerns from society, the bureau has been promoting discussions at home and following international experiences in order to come up with a bill that is thorough, while meeting the demands of our time,” the Bureau of Health Promotion said in a statement.
Opposition comes from women’s rights groups, who say surrogacy satisfies the needs of wealthy couples, but overlooks the health risks and emotional impact on surrogate mothers during and after the pregnancy.
A surrogacy procedure can cost from about US$55,000 in Thailand to US$100,000 in the US, including medical and legal expenses, and payments to surrogate mothers, according to fertility experts.
“A woman’s body is not a commodity or a tool. We oppose rich people exploiting poor women and buying them as surrogate mothers,” said Huang Sue-ying (黃淑英), chairperson of the advocacy group Taiwan Women’s Link.
She urges couples to reconsider the traditional concept of producing an heir and “open up their minds” to other possibilities, such as adopting orphans.
“Traditionally a couple would need to have a son to continue the family line, but what if a surrogate mother doesn’t bear a son? I don’t think technology can resolve a cultural issue,” she said.
The Lees say they hired their surrogate mother in Thailand on mutually agreed terms.
“We didn’t force her to become a surrogate mother, she wanted to make money out of her own free will. I don’t think it demeans her in any way,” Mr Lee said.
Demand for infertility treatment has been on the rise in Taiwan, which has one of the world’s lowest birth rates, partly as more couples choose to get married and have babies at a later age, doctors say.
Last year, the average age of Taiwanese women who gave birth for the first time was 30.1 years, according to the Ministry of the Interior.
Estimates of the number of Taiwanese couples seeking surrogacy range from anywhere between several hundred to tens of thousands.
Liu Ji-ong, a fertility expert in Taipei, said surrogacy is the only option for many women with underlying medical conditions.
“I think it is a question of social justice. We cannot neglect the needs of those women who want to be mothers, as they are unlikely to speak up for themselves or take to the streets to protest,” he said.
Lee said he only hopes that if the surrogacy bill is passed, it recognizes previous cases. Currently he can only register his son as his child born out of wedlock, while his wife is recognized as the “adoptive mother.”
However, he said he doubts that Taiwan will see real progress on the issue in the short term.
“It is not a major concern for Taiwanese politicians because there are just not enough votes [in it] for them,” he said.
Asked about the chances of Taiwan passing a surrogacy bill any time soon, he said: “I am not optimistic.”
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