Even by the standards of today's global terrorism, it was a bold and brazen act: sneaking 36 barrels of gunpowder under the Houses of Parliament and blowing England's power elite to smithereens.
Tonight, the night sky across Britain will be alive with bonfires and pyrotechnics for the 400th anniversary of the gunpowder plot -- an unofficial holiday better known as Bonfire Night or Guy Fawkes Day.
Comparisons with the July 7 attacks in London, in which 52 subway and bus commuters were killed by four apparent Islamist suicide bombers in the deadliest act of terrorism ever on British soil, may perhaps be inevitable.
PHOTOS: AFP
Enduring, however, will be the popular fascination with Fawkes and his co-conspirators, drawn from a then-repressed Catholic minority who apparently felt that the nation, by embracing Protestantism, was treading the wrong path.
More than 50,000 people have already visited a gunpowder plot exhibition since it opened in July in the Gothic parliament buildings on the banks of the River Thames -- ground zero for the blast that might have been.
"Obviously there is a resonance [to contemporary terrorism], but we'd rather like people to come to their own conclusions," said the exhibition's project manager David Prior.
Other commemorations are underway at the Tower of London, the National Portrait Gallery, the National Archives (where Fawkes' signed confession is on display) and the Shakespearean Globe theater.
In a turn unthinkable for the likes of Osama bin Laden or the Irish Republican Army, the Museum of London is holding a day-long study today titled: "Understanding Guy Fawkes."
In southeast England, meanwhile, huge crowds are once again expected in the sleepy town of Lewes, East Sussex for Britain's biggest Nov. 5 gathering, a night of bonfires, fireworks, effigies and residual anti-Papist motifs.
Exactly how the gunpowder plot was cooked up is a fact lost in the haze of time, according to a fact sheet helpfully provided by the House of Commons information office on its Web site (www.parliament.gov.uk).
"Generations of historians accepted it as a genuine last desperate attempt to re-establish the Catholic religion," although another theory is that the plotters were actually agents provocateur aiming to discredit Catholics and reinforce Protestantism, it said.
One way or another, Fawkes and his original gang of four co-conspirators -- the numbers grew in time, making it harder to keep secrecy -- decided in 1604 to blow up parliament on Nov. 5, 1605, the day of its state opening.
The king would be there, along with his heir apparent, and every member of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
The 36 barrels of gunpowder, big and small, were smuggled into a coal room beneath the parliament leased by one of the conspirators, and the plan was for army veteran Fawkes to light the fuses and then skedaddle to mainland Europe.
The official version is that a Catholic peer got a timely tip off, prompting a midnight search in which Fawkes was cornered in the basement with his deadly pile of barrels hidden under black coal.
While all the conspirators were rounded up, Londoners rejoiced on the streets at the plot's failure.
The scene turned gruesome in subsequent months as Fawkes and his cohorts, in the fashion of the day, were tried, tortured, disemboweled alive, then hanged and quartered for treason.
Exactly how much destruction they would have wrought in the heart of London has been and remains today a topic of heated scholarly debate.
Researchers at the University of Wales reckoned two years ago that the blast would have devastated a 490m radius -- an area that would include today's Downing Street, Foreign Office and Ministry of Defense.
But an ambitious re-creation of the blast by ITV television, using sensors and crash-test dummies, suggested that the impact would have been relatively contained, though with debris raining over 200m.
"We concluded that he [Fawkes] could have killed everyone present with half the amount of explosive," added David Hadden, a blast consultant on The Gunpowder Plot: Exploding the Legend.
Historian Justin Pollard told the program: "The whole plot was massively ill-conceived."
"They seemed to think they could change the politics of the whole country by blowing up a few hundred people."
"In reality, the blast would have sent shockwaves through the Protestant community, bolstering their resolve against the hugely outnumbered Catholics and sparking ruthless revenge."
That US assistance was a model for Taiwan’s spectacular development success was early recognized by policymakers and analysts. In a report to the US Congress for the fiscal year 1962, former President John F. Kennedy noted Taiwan’s “rapid economic growth,” was “producing a substantial net gain in living.” Kennedy had a stake in Taiwan’s achievements and the US’ official development assistance (ODA) in general: In September 1961, his entreaty to make the 1960s a “decade of development,” and an accompanying proposal for dedicated legislation to this end, had been formalized by congressional passage of the Foreign Assistance Act. Two
Despite the intense sunshine, we were hardly breaking a sweat as we cruised along the flat, dedicated bike lane, well protected from the heat by a canopy of trees. The electric assist on the bikes likely made a difference, too. Far removed from the bustle and noise of the Taichung traffic, we admired the serene rural scenery, making our way over rivers, alongside rice paddies and through pear orchards. Our route for the day covered two bike paths that connect in Fengyuan District (豐原) and are best done together. The Hou-Feng Bike Path (后豐鐵馬道) runs southward from Houli District (后里) while the
March 31 to April 6 On May 13, 1950, National Taiwan University Hospital otolaryngologist Su You-peng (蘇友鵬) was summoned to the director’s office. He thought someone had complained about him practicing the violin at night, but when he entered the room, he knew something was terribly wrong. He saw several burly men who appeared to be government secret agents, and three other resident doctors: internist Hsu Chiang (許強), dermatologist Hu Pao-chen (胡寶珍) and ophthalmologist Hu Hsin-lin (胡鑫麟). They were handcuffed, herded onto two jeeps and taken to the Secrecy Bureau (保密局) for questioning. Su was still in his doctor’s robes at
Mirror mirror on the wall, what’s the fairest Disney live-action remake of them all? Wait, mirror. Hold on a second. Maybe choosing from the likes of Alice in Wonderland (2010), Mulan (2020) and The Lion King (2019) isn’t such a good idea. Mirror, on second thought, what’s on Netflix? Even the most devoted fans would have to acknowledge that these have not been the most illustrious illustrations of Disney magic. At their best (Pete’s Dragon? Cinderella?) they breathe life into old classics that could use a little updating. At their worst, well, blue Will Smith. Given the rapacious rate of remakes in modern
RSS