The political crisis engulfing Qatar stems from accusations by its Arab neighbors that it supports terrorism. Qatar denies the allegations, but its ties with Iran and embrace of various hardline Muslim groups have brought intense scrutiny, made it a regional outlier and created enough smoke to suggest a fire.
Last week, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain severed ties with Qatar amid a slew of punitive measures. On Friday last week, the four Arab states increased the pressure by naming 59 people and several charities linked to Qatar on a terrorist list.
Governments across the region routinely cite terrorism as justification to clamp down on political opposition and rights activists. Some groups Qatar has backed — such as the Muslim Brotherhood — are seen by many as a legitimate political force. Others, including some hardline Sunni rebel factions in Syria, are not that different ideologically from groups that Saudi Arabia backs there.
Here is a look at the various groups Qatar is accused of supporting and its relationship with them:
AL-QAEDA, ISLAMIC STATE
Qatar’s Arab neighbors have accused it of backing al-Qaeda and the Islamic State (IS) group’s ideology across the region, from Syria to the Sinai Peninsula.
Experts and groups in Syria say Qatari finances have indirectly propped up militant groups. Similar accusations were leveled at Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf countries in the early days of Syria’s 2011 uprising, but experts say these governments amended their official stances and financing laws.
Some express concern that the row between Saudi Arabia and Qatar could undermine all finances to the Syrian opposition — where, on the ground, the lines are blurred over which groups cooperate with radicals.
Qatar has never supported al-Qaeda or IS directly, Syria expert Hassan Hassan said.
However, Qatar has supported Ahrar al-Sham, whose founders are linked to al-Qaeda, he said.
Saudi Arabia once hosted members of Ahrar al-Sham at a Syrian opposition conference in its capital.
MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD
The hardline Sunni group remains one of the region’s most polarizing. Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt view it as a direct threat to their rule and deem it a destabilizing force. However, the Brotherhood’s offshoots remain active in Jordan and Tunisia.
The Brotherhood was elected to power in Egypt after protests toppled former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in 2011 and Qatar aided the Brotherhood-led government in Cairo with billions of dollars. It was a key supporter of the group’s offshoots in Syria and Libya.
Qatar says it supported Egypt as a whole, and not one particular faction, when the Brotherhood was in power. Egypt’s military ousted the Brotherhood and unleashed a lethal crackdown against its members amid mass protests in 2013. Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt outlawed the group and branded it a terrorist organization, accusing it of plotting attacks. Brotherhood affiliates in the Gulf have been arrested.
Gulf monarchies also accuse Qatar of providing financial support, a safe haven and even citizenship to Islamist opposition figures from their countries.
HAMAS
The Palestinian group, an offshoot of Egypt’s Brotherhood, is considered a terrorist organization by Israel and its Western allies. The group, which rules the Gaza Strip, has fought three wars with Israel and is seen by some in the Arab world as an armed resistance force against Israeli occupation.
Saudi Arabia says Qatar must sever ties with Hamas.
Qatar has invested hundreds of millions of dollars in roads, housing and a major hospital in the Gaza Strip offering a lifeline for jobs in the devastated area that is under an Israeli-Egyptian blockade. Its support for the territory makes Qatar one of its few foreign backers.
Qatar says its work in Gaza is “purely humanitarian” and its engagement with the group has been in the context of internationally backed peace talks.
HOSTAGES
A deal negotiated recently to release kidnapped members of Qatar’s ruling family has been a source of anxiety for Gulf leaders, particularly in Saudi Arabia, which views Iran as its top adversary. Qatar reportedly paid hundreds of millions of dollars to an Iranian-backed Shiite militia that had kidnapped the 26 hostages on Dec. 16, 2015, from a desert camp for falcon hunters in southern Iraq.
Egypt has asked the UN Security Council to investigate reports that Qatar “paid up to US$1 billion to a terrorist group active in Iraq” to free the hostages, which would violate UN sanctions.
Qatar says it only supported the Iraqi government financially for its efforts in the release of hostages and that it did not deal with armed groups there.
The deal also allegedly resulted in the evacuation of residents of predominantly Shiite villages in Syria, where Iran’s proxies hold sway.
Several people close to the negotiations say Qatar also paid a hefty sum to Muslim militant groups in Syria, including one linked to al-Qaeda, for the evacuation of the residents.
They told reporters that the talks were probably the region’s most complex and sensitive hostage deal.
SHIITE MILITANTS
Saudi Arabia and Bahrain accuse Qatar of supporting Shiite militant groups in both countries. Violence has increased in recent weeks between militants and Saudi security forces in a predominantly Shiite town in the country’s east. In Bahrain, the Sunni-led monarchy crushed an uprising by majority Shiites there in 2011 and continues to crack down on peaceful dissent. Bahraini security forces have since been targeted by local Shiite militants.
Saudi Arabia has also accused Qatar of backing Iranian-allied rebels in Yemen, known as Houthis. However, Qatar was a member of a Saudi-led coalition bombing the Houthis in Yemen. There is no evidence to support the claims, but the accusations appear to stem from negotiations for a transfer of power in Yemen in 2012, experts say.
Qatar and Saudi Arabia were in disagreement over how to go about it and Qatar was accused of trying to sabotage a Saudi-led initiative by working with Houthis.
Qatari Ambassador to the US Meshal bin Hamad Al Thani has said that while the country has ties with Iran and shares with it a vast underwater natural gas field its stance is similar to that of other Gulf Arab states.
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