He was too sick to eat, and Min Min Chan’s chest ached with each breath he sucked. It did not matter: The Thai captain warned him to get back on deck and start hauling fish onto the trawler or be tossed overboard. As a 17-year-old slave stuck in the middle of the sea, he knew no one would come looking if he simply vanished.
Less than a month earlier, Chan had left Myanmar for Thailand, looking for work. Instead, he said a broker tricked and sold him onto the fishing boat for US$616. He ended up far away in Indonesian waters before even realizing what was happening.
Tens of thousands of invisible migrants like Chan stream into Thailand, Southeast Asia’s second-largest economy, every year. Many are used as forced labor in various industries, especially on long-haul fishing boats that catch seafood eaten in the US and around the world. Others are dragged into the country’s booming sex industry. Ethnic Rohingya asylum seekers from Myanmar are also held for ransom in abysmal jungle camps.
This week, when a US report on human trafficking comes out, Thailand may be punished for allowing that exploitation. The country has been on a US Department of State human trafficking watch list for the past four years. Washington warned in last year’s report that without major improvements, it would be dropped to the lowest rung, Tier 3, joining the ranks of North Korea, Syria, Iran and Zimbabwe.
Though Thailand says it is trying to prevent such abuses and punish traffickers, its authorities have been part of the problem. The US has said the involvement of corrupt officials appears to be widespread, from protecting brothels and workplaces to cooperating directly with traffickers.
A downgrade could lead the US to pull back certain forms of foreign support and exchange programs as well as oppose assistance from international financial institutions such as the World Bank. Washington has already cut some assistance to Bangkok following last month’s Thai military coup.
Thailand is paying a US public relations company US$51,000 a month to help in its push for better standing. The government issued a progress report last year, noting that investigations, prosecutions and the budget for anti-trafficking work all are on the rise.
“We recognize that it’s a very serious, very significant problem, and we’ve been building a legal and bureaucratic framework to try to address these issues,” Thai Ambassador to the US Vijavat Isarabhakdi said. “We feel that we have turned a corner and are making great progress in this area.”
At least 38 Thai police were punished last year or are being investigated for involvement in trafficking, but none has stood trial yet. Four companies have been fined, and criminal charges against five others are pending.
However, the government pulled the licenses of only two of the country’s numerous labor recruitment agencies.
In Geneva on Wednesday, Thailand was the only government in the world to vote against a new UN international treaty that combats forced labor by, among other things, strengthening victims’ access to compensation. Several countries abstained.
“Thailand tries to portray itself as the victim while, at the same time, it’s busy taking advantage of everybody it can who’s coming through the country,” said Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch’s Asia division. “The exploitation of migrants, the trafficking, it comes through Thailand because people know they can pay people in the government and in the police to look the other way.”
Chan’s story is a common nightmare. A recruiter showed up in his village in Myanmar, offering good money to work on a fishing boat in Thailand. Chan said after sneaking across the border by foot, he was sold onto a boat by the broker and told to hide inside to avoid being seen by Thai authorities.
“‘You have to work at least six months. After that, you can go back home,’” Chan said the captain told him. “I decided, ‘I can work for six months on this boat.’”
However, after the ship docked 17 days later on eastern Indonesia’s Ambon island, Chan met other Burmese workers who told a very different story: There was no six-month contract and no escape. Now thousands of kilometers from home, he realized he no longer owned his life — it had become a debt that must be paid.
Ambon, in the Banda Sea, is peppered with churches and pristine dive sites. At the port, deep-sea fishermen in tattered T-shirts and rubber boots form human chains on boats, tossing bag after bag of frozen snapper and other fish into pickup trucks bound for cold storage. Much of it will later be shipped to Thailand for export.
They speak Burmese, Thai and other languages. Their skin is dark from the sun, and some faces look far older than their ropey bodies.
On the cramped boat, Chan said he slept only about three hours a night alongside 17 other men, mostly Burmese, sometimes working on just one meal of rice and fish a day. There was no fresh water for drinking or bathing, only boiled sea water with a briny taste.
In his first month at sea, he got sick and did not eat for three days. He was sleeping when the captain threatened him.
“Why are you not working? Why are you taking a rest?” Chan recalled him saying. “Do we have to throw you off into the water?”
Some of Chan’s friends carried him onto the deck, where he was given medicine before getting back to work.
For the next year, he labored, hauling up thousands of kilograms of fish as he tried to shake a stubborn cough. He saw land every couple of months, but there was no way to leave the port.
He said he was given occasional packs of cigarettes, noodles and coffee, but he never got paid.
Thailand shipped about US$7 billion worth of seafood abroad last year, making it the world’s third-largest exporter. Most went to Japan and the US, where it ranks as the No. 3 foreign supplier.
The UN estimates the industry employs 2 million people, but it still faces a massive worker shortage. Many Thais are unwilling to take the low-paid, dangerous jobs that can require fishermen to be at sea for months or even years at a time.
An estimated 200,000 migrants, mostly from Myanmar and Cambodia, are laboring on Thai boats, according to the Bangkok-based nonprofit Raks Thai Foundation. Some go voluntarily, but a UN survey last year of nearly 600 workers in the fishing industry found that almost none had a signed contract, and about 40 percent had wages cut without explanation. Children were also found on board.
Forced or coerced work is more common in certain sectors, including deep-sea fishing and seafood processing plants where some workers have reported being drugged and kidnapped.
Long-haul fishermen like Chan have it the worst. They are worked around the clock seven days a week with very little food and often no clean water. They risk getting fouled in lines, being swept overboard during storms or losing fingers cleaning fish.
However, often the biggest threat is their captain. A 2009 UN report found that about six out of 10 migrant workers on Thai fishing boats reported seeing a coworker killed. Chan faced abuse himself and saw one sick Burmese fisherman die. The captain simply dumped the body overboard.
Thailand’s progress report highlighted increased boat and workplace inspections, but the US has said those do not combat trafficking in an industry where “overall impunity for exploitative labor practices” is seen. The US recommends increased prosecutions of employers involved in human trafficking.
The problem is also rampant in the country’s notorious sex industry. More than three-quarters of trafficking investigations launched last year in Thailand involved sexual exploitation. Thai girls and women were abused along with those from neighboring countries.
Another challenge surrounds the recent influx of Rohingya Muslims. An estimated 75,000 have fled Myanmar since communal violence exploded there two years ago, according to Chris Lewa of the nonprofit Arakan Project. The Buddhist-dominated country considers Rohingya to be non-citizens from Bangladesh, though many were born in Myanmar.
Many Rohingya brought to Thailand are held at rubber plantations or forest camps by armed guards until they can find a way to pay the typical asking price of US$2,000 for their release, according to victims and rights groups.
Those who get the money often cross the border into Malaysia, where tens of thousands of Rohingya have found refuge. Those who do not are sometimes sold for sex, forced labor, or they are simply left to die.
However, the Thai government does not address these asylum seekers as trafficking victims in its report. It said fleeing Rohingya enter Thailand willingly, even though “most of them fall prey to smugglers and illegal middlemen.”
Vijavat said some cases are now being treated as trafficking.
Rights groups allege corrupt Thai officials are sometimes involved, including deporting Rohingya straight back into traffickers’ hands.
“I believe we have more good officers than bad ones,” said police Colonel Paisith Sungkahapong, director of the government’s Anti-Human Trafficking Center.
He said migrants in the country illegally “are pushed back through proper channels. Immigration will contact their counterpart in Myanmar or whichever country, and make sure they return there safely.”
In a letter last month to US Secretary of State John Kerry, a group of 18 human rights groups and labor organizations highlighted the Rohingya issue, while urging the US government to put more pressure on Bangkok to crack down on the seafood industry and keep fish caught by slaves from ending up on US dinner tables.
“The [Thai] government continues to be at best complacent, at worst complicit, in the trafficking of migrant workers from neighboring countries to provide inexpensive labor for export industries,’’ they wrote.
After a year on the boat, Chan finally started getting paid: about US$87 every two months. He continued working for a total of three-and-a-half years, until he started coughing blood and became too weak to continue.
When he asked the captain if he could go home, he was told to get back to work.
“I thought it was better to die by jumping into the water than to die by being tortured by these people,” he said. “When I was about to jump, my friend grabbed me from the back and saved me.”
His crew members instead convinced him to slip away the next time they made land, and he eventually escaped into Ambon where a local woman helped him get treatment for tuberculosis.
After recovering, he decided to stay with her, and she treated him like a son. He worked odd jobs for the next four years, but never stopped dreaming of home.
Finally, at age 24, he found someone at Indonesia’s immigration office willing to help. And in March, the International Organization for Migration arranged for him and 21 other trafficked Burmese fishermen to fly home.
Hours before boarding the plane, Chan wondered what would be left of his old life when he landed. More than seven years had passed without a letter or a telephone call. He had no idea if he would be able to find his family, or even if they were still alive.
“After I knew the broker sold me into slavery ... I felt so sad,” he said. “When I left Myanmar, I had a great life.”
Additional reporting by Robin McDowell and Matthew Pennington
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