When the map of the human genome was presented to the world in 2001, psychiatrists had high hopes for it. Itemizing all our genes would surely provide molecular evidence that the main cause of mental illness was genetic — something psychiatrists had long believed. Drug companies were wetting their lips at the prospect of massive profits from unique potions for every idiosyncrasy.
However, a decade later, unnoticed by the media, the human genome project has not delivered what the psychiatrists had hoped: We now know that genes play little part in why one sibling, social class or ethnic group is more likely to suffer mental health problems than another.
This result had been predicted by Craig Venter, one of the key researchers on the project. When the map was published, he said that because we only have about 25,000 genes, psychological differences could not be much determined by them.
“Our environments are critical,” he concluded.
After only a few years of extensive genome searching, even the most convinced geneticists began to publicly admit that there are no individual genes for the vast majority of mental health problems. Last year, Robert Plomin, a leading behavioral geneticist, wrote that the evidence had proved that “genetic effects are much smaller than previously considered: The largest effects account for only 1 percent of quantitative traits.”
However, he believed that all was not lost. Complex combinations of genes might hold the key. So far, this has not been shown, nor is it likely to be.
February’s editorial in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry was titled “It’s the environment, stupid!”
The author, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, stated that “serious science is now more than ever focused on the power of the environment ... all but the most dogged of genetic determinists have revised their view.”
In Sonuga-Barke’s own field, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), he observed that “even the most comprehensive genome-wide scans available, with thousands of patients using hundreds of thousands of genetic markers ... appear to account for a relatively small proportion of disorder expression.”
Genes hardly explained at all why some children have ADHD and not others.
That was illustrated recently in a heavily publicized study by Anita Thapar, of Cardiff University. Although she claimed to have proved that ADHD is a “genetic disease,” if anything, she proved the opposite. Only 16 percent of the children with ADHD in her study had the pattern of genes that she claimed causes the illness. Taken at face value, her study proved that non-genetic factors cause the disorder in eight out of 10 children.
Another theory was that genes create vulnerabilities. For example, it was thought that people with a particular gene variant were more likely to become depressed if they were maltreated as children. This also now looks unlikely. An analysis of 14,250 people showed that those with the variant were not at greater risk of depression. Nor were they more likely to be depressed when the variant was combined with childhood maltreatment.
In developed nations, women and those on a low income are twice as likely to be depressed as men and the wealthy. When DNA is tested in large samples, neither women nor the poor are more likely to have the variant. Worldwide, depression is least common in Southeast Asia. Yet a study of 29 nations found the variant to be commonest there — the degree to which a society is collectivist rather than individualistic partly explains depression rates, not genes.
Politics may be the reason why the media has so far failed to report the small role of genes. The political right believes that genes largely explain why the poor are poor, as well as twice as likely as the rich to be mentally ill. To them, the poor are genetic mud, sinking to the bottom of the genetic pool.
Writing in 2000, the US political scientist Charles Murray made a rash prediction he might now be regretting.
“The story of human nature, as revealed by genetics and neuroscience, will be conservative in its political [shape],” he wrote.
The US poor would turn out to have significantly different genes to the affluent: “This is not unimaginable. It is almost certainly true.”
Almost certainly false, more like.
Instead, the Human Genome Project is rapidly providing a scientific basis for the political left. Childhood maltreatment, economic inequality and excessive materialism seem the main determinants of mental illness. State-sponsored interventions, like reduced inequality, are the most likely solutions.
You wish every Taiwanese spoke English like I do. I was not born an anglophone, yet I am paid to write and speak in English. It is my working language and my primary idiom in private. I am more than bilingual: I think in English; it is my language now. Can you guess how many native English speakers I had as teachers in my entire life? Zero. I only lived in an English-speaking country, Australia, in my 30s, and it was because I was already fluent that I was able to live and pursue a career. English became my main language during adulthood
The international women’s soccer match between Taiwan and New Zealand at the Kaohsiung Nanzih Football Stadium, scheduled for Tuesday last week, was canceled at the last minute amid safety concerns over poor field conditions raised by the visiting team. The Football Ferns, as New Zealand’s women’s soccer team are known, had arrived in Taiwan one week earlier to prepare and soon raised their concerns. Efforts were made to improve the field, but the replacement patches of grass could not grow fast enough. The Football Ferns canceled the closed-door training match and then days later, the main event against Team Taiwan. The safety
There are moments in history when America has turned its back on its principles and withdrawn from past commitments in service of higher goals. For example, US-Soviet Cold War competition compelled America to make a range of deals with unsavory and undemocratic figures across Latin America and Africa in service of geostrategic aims. The United States overlooked mass atrocities against the Bengali population in modern-day Bangladesh in the early 1970s in service of its tilt toward Pakistan, a relationship the Nixon administration deemed critical to its larger aims in developing relations with China. Then, of course, America switched diplomatic recognition
The National Immigration Agency on Tuesday said it had notified some naturalized citizens from China that they still had to renounce their People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizenship. They must provide proof that they have canceled their household registration in China within three months of the receipt of the notice. If they do not, the agency said it would cancel their household registration in Taiwan. Chinese are required to give up their PRC citizenship and household registration to become Republic of China (ROC) nationals, Mainland Affairs Council Minister Chiu Chui-cheng (邱垂正) said. He was referring to Article 9-1 of the Act
RSS