The roads outside the X Club nightspot in Bissau, capital of the world's fifth-poorest country, are cracked and pot-holed. They have not been repaired since they were torn up by the tracks of military vehicles during Guinea-Bissau's civil war in the late 1990s. But the cars parked outside -- Porsche and Audi four-wheel drives -- wouldn't look out of place in the wealthiest quarters of London.
Inside, the music is thumping Europop, a beer costs more than twice the average daily income of US$1 a day. Many of the clubbers, though, are knocking back the imported whisky, which costs up to US$80 a bottle. One of the regulars points out the people who represent the various stages of the cocaine supply chain from South America via Guinea-Bissau in West Africa to the UK and the rest of Europe.
"He's a pretty big dealer, and that's one of his security guys. That guy there thinks he's big news but he's just small-time. That woman is a mule. She's been to Europe a couple of times," the regular said.
Down a street of elaborate colonial-style buildings is Ana's restaurant. Beneath red-tiled roofs, giant candles flicker in the gentle, humid evening breeze -- it could be mistaken for an exotic tourist destination.
But "the only visitors we get are the Colombians," Ana sighs. "This country is being destroyed by drugs. They're everywhere. A few weeks ago, the man who used to be my gardener knocked at the door and offered to sell me 7kg of cocaine."
Among the destitute locals are scores of wealthy, gaudy Colombian drug barons in their immodest cars, flaunting their high-tech luxury lifestyle, with beautiful women on their arms. Outside Bissau city are exclusive Hispanic-style haciendas with wide verandas, turquoise swimming pools and gates patrolled by armed guards.
WRECKAGE
By day, Guinea-Bissau looks like the impoverished country it is. Most people cannot afford a bus fare, never mind a four-wheel drive. There is no household electricity. Water supplies are restricted to the wealthy few, and landmark buildings such as the presidential palace remain wrecked nine years after the end of the war.
But this wreck of a country is what the UN -- which declared war two weeks ago on celebrity cocaine culture -- calls the continent's "first narco-state." West Africa has become the hub of a flow of cocaine from South America into Europe, now that other routes have become tough for the traffickers.
US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) agents report that the old cocaine channels through the Caribbean, markedly Jamaica and Panama, have become more intensively policed, forcing the Colombians to develop new routes to traffic cocaine. The increasing might of Mexico's powerful drug cartels has forced the South Americans to search for trafficking routes to Europe across the Atlantic rather than through Central America.
Moreover, the West African coast can be reached across the shortest transatlantic crossing from South America: either by plane from Colombia, with a re-fueling stop in Brazil; or by ship from Brazil or Venezuela. The boats leaving South America travel only by night, remaining motionless by day, covered in blue tarpaulins to avoid detection from the air. The journey can be completed in four to five nights traveling this way.
Once ravaged by the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the West African coast is again "under attack," says the executive director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Antonio Maria Costa, who calls the European cocaine habit impact on Africa an echo of that of slavery.
"In the 19th century, Europe's hunger for slaves devastated West Africa. Two hundred years later, its growing appetite for cocaine could do the same," Costa said.
The seizure of West Africa by Colombian and other drug cartels has happened with lightning speed. Since 2003, 99 percent of all drugs seized in Africa have been found in West Africa.
Between 1998 and 2003, the total quantity of cocaine seized each year in Africa was around 600kg. But by 2006, the figure had risen five-fold and during the first nine months of last year had already reached 5.6 tonnes.
The latest seizure, from a Liberian ship -- Blue Atlantic -- intercepted by the French navy last month, was 2.4 tonnes of pure cocaine.
ICEBERG'S TIP
But while seizure rates globally are estimated to be 46 percent of total traffic, the amounts found in West Africa are "the tip of the iceberg," UNODC said.
Even though one recent raid in Guinea-Bissau netted 635kg of cocaine, the traffickers were thought to have still made off with a further 2 tonnes.
The street value of the drugs trafficked far exceeds the GNP. A quarter of all cocaine consumed in Western Europe is trafficked through West Africa, the UNOCD said, for a local wholesale value of US$1.8 billion and a retail value of 10 times that in Europe.
Nigerian drug gangs have always been an energetic presence on the global trafficking scene, but the target of the South American traffickers have been the "failed states" along the Gold Coast, where poverty is extreme, where society has been ravaged by war and the institutions of state can be easily bought off -- so that instead of enforcement, there is collusion.
And no more so than Guinea-Bissau, whose weakness makes it a trafficker's dream prey.
In Guinea-Bissau, the UNODC said, the value of the drugs trade is greater than the national income.
"The fact of the matter," the Consultancy Africa Intelligence agency said, "is that without assistance, Guinea-Bissau is at the mercy of wealthy, well-armed and technologically advanced narcotics traffickers."
Guinea-Bissau, with a population of 1.5 million, is ranked fifth from the bottom in the UN's World Development Index. Even its recent history is one of torment: After 13 years of bloody guerrilla conflict, it won independence from Portugal, spent the first years under a Marxist-Leninist dictatorship, then 18 under Joao Bernardo Vieira, until he was ousted by a military rebellion.
Successive crises, two wars and economic collapse brought Vieira back in 2005, with a purge of the army and a deceptive appearance of stability.
The White House has singled out Guinea-Bissau as "a warehouse refuge and transit hub for cocaine traffickers from Latin America, transporting cocaine to Western Europe."
"When I went to Guinea-Bissau, the drug wealth was everywhere. From the air, you can see the Spanish hacienda villas, and the obligatory black four-wheel-drives are everywhere, with the obligatory scantily-clad girl, James Bond style. There were certain hotels I was advised not to stay in," Costa said.
DEA WATCHING
A senior official at the DEA with a long record of fighting transatlantic drug trafficking, explained how and why the capture of Guinea-Bissau took place, and the trail to Europe.
"Geographically, West Africa makes sense. The logical things is for the cartels to take the shortest crossing over the ocean to West Africa, by plane -- to one of the many airstrips left behind by decades of war, or by drop into the thousands of little bays -- or by boat all the way. A ship can drop anchor in waters completely unmonitored, while fleets of smaller craft take the contraband ashore. A place like Guinea-Bissau is a failed state anyway, so it's like moving into an empty house," the official said.
There is no prison in Guinea-Bissau, he said. One rusty ship patrols a coastline of 350km, and an archipelago of 82 islands. The airspace is unpatrolled. The police have few cars, no gas, no radios, handcuffs or phones.
"You walk in, buy the services you need from the government, army and people, and take over. The cocaine can then be stored safely and shipped to Europe, either by ship to Spain or Portugal, across land via Morocco on the old cannabis trail, or directly by air using `mules,'" the official said.
One single flight into Amsterdam in December 2006 was carrying 32 mules carrying cocaine from Guinea-Bissau.
"This has happened quickly and the response has been tardy. They're ahead of the game," the official said.
And it didn't help that most Western diplomatic presence had left Bissau during the fighting, preferring to operate from neighboring Senegal. The US and Britain closed up shop in Bissau in 1998, the US only last July reopening a diplomatic office in response to the cocaine raids.
Although much of the cocaine goes directly to Spain and Portugal, London is becoming an increasingly prominent final destination, said the official -- because of the street prices the drug commands -- yet Britain also has no permanent diplomatic presence in Bissau, and has not joined the Iberian countries and the EU in contributing to the latest UN plans to help the country.
The UNODC said the UK and Spain have now overtaken the US in the consumption of cocaine per head.
Guinea-Bissau's cocaine Calvary began three years ago when fishermen on one island found packages of white powder washed up on the beach. They had no idea what the mysterious substance was.
"At first, they took the drug and they put it on their bodies during traditional ceremonies," local journalist Alberto Dabo said. "Then they put it on their crops. All their crops died because of that drug. They even used it to mark out a football pitch."
The real moment of truth came when two Latin Americans arrived by chartered plane, armed with US$1 million in "buyback" cash, which the locals gleefully accepted. The two men were apprehended by police, but released.
"When people found that it was cocaine and they could sell it," Dabo said, "some of those fishermen bought cars and built houses."
As well as the favorable location, the cocaine gangs have found in Guinea-Bissau a country where the rule of law barely exists.
"It's an easy country to be active in if you're an organized crime lord," said the deputy regional head of UNODC, Amado Philip de Andres. "Law enforcement has literally no control for two reasons: There is no capacity and there is no equipment."
Another development that has been highlighted by the DEA and UNODC is that Guinea Bissau and other West African countries are being targeted by Asian and African cartels trafficking heroin across the Atlantic in the opposite direction, to the US.
Last year, the DEA and police in Chicago tracked nine West Africans who had moved heroin originating in Southeast Asia through various West African countries, markedly Guinea-Bissau, to the central US.
Estimates vary as to the cogency of the Colombian presence, but one observer suggests there are as many as 60 Colombian drugs traffickers in Guinea-Bissau. Colombians have bought local businesses, including factories and warehouses, and built themselves large homes protected by armed guards.
They and their local hired help flaunt their liberty to operate -- and the money they make from doing so.
"We can see these people walking in complete freedom. They are parading their wealth. They're showing it completely openly," said Jamel Handem, of a coalition of civic groups called Platform GB.
Guinea-Bissau's armed forces and some politicians are thought to be deeply involved in the drugs trade. Last year, two military personnel were detained along with a civilian in a vehicle carrying 635kg of cocaine. The army secured the soldiers' release and so far there is no sign that they will face charges.
In his large, carpeted, and air-conditioned office, a refrigerator humming quietly in the corner, the army spokesman, Colonel Arsenio Balde, brushes aside suggestions the incident proves the army's complicity in the drugs trade.
He says the soldiers were simply in the wrong place at the wrong time.
"They were on the road hitching a ride and they saw this car driving by. They asked for a ride and then this guy stopped, and later on this car was stopped and they were arrested. You don't have any evidence of high-level involvement. Just please, bring the evidence. That's what we're asking for," he said.
GOVERNMENT DENIALS
Government spokesman Pedro da Costa gives a similar response when asked if the government is involved in the drugs trade.
"I don't have any information on that," he said curtly.
He insists the authorities are keen to tackle drugs traffickers, but don't have the resources. Like many others in Guinea-Bissau, though, he's worried that disputes over control of the trade could break out, pushing the country back to civil war.
"We're worried, of course. We're all concerned. If it's going to bring consequences to our people similar to the war of 1998 to 1999, I think today the motivation would be different. But of course, there is a danger for the country," he said.
Parliamentary elections, originally scheduled for this month, have been postponed until the end of the year. The campaign could lead to heightened tension between political groups, and provide more scope for corruption.
"One of the risks now is that they will have a deep penetration of dirty money into politics that will overturn everything in the country," said Fafali Kudawo, rector of the country's first university. "This country is very, very fragile, and he who has money can do whatever he wants. You do not know at any given moment what will change the situation or lead the country to war or to violence."
The UNOCD Office has drawn up a detailed plan to help Guinea-Bissau. In 2006 it suggested a possible budget of several hundred million dollars to potential donors. They refused to pay. Last year the agency came up with a far more modest program concentrating on reform of the security services, boosting the judicial police, and building a jail.
The estimated cost was US$19 million. In December a donor conference in Lisbon produced pledges of US$6.5 million.
As though the suffocation of society by the cartels were not enough, Guinea-Bissau inevitably suffers from a proliferation of addiction among its own people.
"Foot soldiers are paid in kind," said Antonio Maria Costa. "And whatever is left behind is sold domestically."
With addicts hidden away in villages, many still believe that their hallucinations are the result of evil spirits.
When UN workers went to the country's only excuse for a rehabilitation unit in a mangrove swamp 30km from the capital, they found a man called Bubacar Gano, who calls himself "the first man to smoke pedra" -- as crack cocaine is known in the country.
He recalls the fishing boat that lost its load in the sea in 2005, saying: "Most of the locals who found the packages had no idea what it was or what to do with it. But I knew. After a while I became crazy and aggressive. But it is a difficult thing to stop smoking pedra."
Grant Ferrett is a BBC correspondent who has worked extensively in Africa. Ed Vulliamy is an English journalist and writer.
For three years and three months, Taiwan’s bid to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) has remained stalled. On Nov. 29, members meeting in Vancouver agreed to establish a working group for Costa Rica’s entry — the fifth applicant in line — but not for Taiwan. As Taiwan’s prospects for CPTPP membership fade due to “politically sensitive issues,” what strategy should it adopt to overcome this politically motivated economic exclusion? The situation is not entirely dim; these challenges offer an opportunity to reimagine the export-driven country’s international trade strategy. Following the US’ withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Two major Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-People’s Liberation Army (PLA) power demonstrations in November 2024 highlight the urgency for Taiwan to pursue a military buildup and deterrence agenda that can take back control of its destiny. First, the CCP-PLA’s planned future for Taiwan of war, bloody suppression, and use as a base for regional aggression was foreshadowed by the 9th and largest PLA-Russia Joint Bomber Exercise of Nov. 29 and 30. It was double that of previous bomber exercises, with both days featuring combined combat strike groups of PLA Air Force and Russian bombers escorted by PLAAF and Russian fighters, airborne early warning
Since the end of former president Ma Ying-jeou’s (馬英九) administration, the Ma Ying-jeou Foundation has taken Taiwanese students to visit China and invited Chinese students to Taiwan. Ma calls those activities “cross-strait exchanges,” yet the trips completely avoid topics prohibited by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), such as democracy, freedom and human rights — all of which are universal values. During the foundation’s most recent Chinese student tour group, a Fudan University student used terms such as “China, Taipei” and “the motherland” when discussing Taiwan’s recent baseball victory. The group’s visit to Zhongshan Girls’ High School also received prominent coverage in
India and China have taken a significant step toward disengagement of their military troops after reaching an agreement on the long-standing disputes in the Galwan Valley. For government officials and policy experts, this move is welcome, signaling the potential resolution of the enduring border issues between the two countries. However, it is crucial to consider the potential impact of this disengagement on India’s relationship with Taiwan. Over the past few years, there have been important developments in India-Taiwan relations, including exchanges between heads of state soon after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s third electoral victory. This raises the pressing question:
RSS